By 3000 BCE, Ethiopia and Eritrea displayed diverse human advancements. Indigenous agriculture included the cultivation of teff, enset, sorghum, and millet, supporting settled communities. Evidence of long-distance trade networks shows the exchange of obsidian, marine shells, and ivory, connecting the region to the Arabian Peninsula and beyond. Stone tool technology was advanced, with refined hafted tools and scrapers used for hunting and crafting. Early human groups engaged in ritualistic practices, using ochre for body decoration and symbolic art. Clan-based social structures, age-set governance, and communal decision-making provided social cohesion. Pottery-making skills developed, enabling food storage and cooking. These communities utilized coastal resources, indicating fishing and marine foraging as important supplements to their diet, contributing to a rich cultural and economic life. Their strategic position fostered cultural exchanges across the Red Sea, influencing regional developments.
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