𝗗𝗶𝗱 𝗬𝗼𝘂 𝗸𝗻𝗼𝘄

In 1995, a group of 9 Wahabist fundamentalists in Kano killed & beheaded a young Igbo Trader, Gideon Akaluka.

They lied that he desecrated the Holy Qur'an, Abacha assassinated all of them, except One.

Abacha didn't play no games with political uprisings and religious extremism, He wanted the last of the 9 dead.

Even with appeals and entreaties by the Northern Aristocracy that he would disappear & cause no trouble if pardoned, Abacha insisted on punishment.

So he was caught, It's interesting to note that the person who led the group that begged for his life was Alhaji Umar Mutallab.

For those asking what happened to “The One” who was caught.

Abacha spared him and sent him to Prison in Kano, later Sokoto and was latter released. His mentors persuaded him to remember his royal roots and family name. And that if he was that passionate about Islam, he can enrol in Uni and study it.

All just to keep him grounded and busy with what he was really interested in, He was sent back to Sudan, where he had a degree previously, he got another one in 1997 with First Class Degree in Sharia and Islamic Studies with a strong elective in Arabic.

And that was where he became a “better person”. By May 1997, he was back to banking as he joined the United Bank for Africa (UBA) Plc, then newly-privatized, as a Principal Manager II in the Credit Risk Management Division.

You want to know how someone like him got accelerated up the banking ladder sọ fast?

Check profile of Umar Mutallab.

He was the former CEO of UBA where " the one" started working when he came back from Sudan and Umar Mutallab was the Chairman of First Bank, the bank where "the one " Became Executive Director in 2005.

He is no other Person than

Sanusi Lamido Sanusi

Suspended CBN Governor,

Deposed Emir of Kano.

Melanin is awesome and protected the ancestors of humans. It’s not a “race”

The dark pigmentation protects from DNA damage and absorbs the right amounts of UV radiation needed by the body, as well as protects against foliate depletion. Foliate is water soluble vitamin B complex which naturally occurs in green, leafy vegetables, whole grains, and citrus fruits. Foliate is needed for normal sperm production in men. Furthermore, foliate is essential for fetal growth, organ development, and neural tube development. Foliate breaks down in high intense UVR.  Dark-skinned women suffer the lowest level of neural tube defects.

Dark skin is primarily influenced by the production and distribution of eumelanin, a dark pigment, by melanocytes. Tyrosinase, an enzyme crucial for melanin synthesis, plays a key role in this process. According to research, individuals with dark skin have higher levels of active tyrosinase, resulting in increased production of eumelanin [1].

Light skin, on the other hand, is characterized by reduced levels of eumelanin and higher levels of pheomelanin, a lighter pigment. This is attributed to lower tyrosinase activity, leading to decreased eumelanin production. Pheomelanin is less effective at protecting against UV radiation, hence individuals with light skin are more susceptible to sun damage [2].

Albinism is a genetic condition caused by various mutations that affect the genes involved in melanin production, including the tyrosinase gene. It is associated with high levels of tyrosinase inhibitors. These mutations can lead to a partial or complete absence of melanin, resulting in little to no pigmentation in the skin, hair, and eyes [3].

Albinos are therefore not the ancestors of white people. Having high levels of tyrosinase inhibitors produces the light skin tone but the cause of albinoism is different to the reason for other “white” skin tones.

Determining the exact timeline of when white skin first emerged is challenging due to limited scientific evidence. The emergence of lighter skin tones is believed to have occurred gradually over tens of thousands of years as human populations migrated and settled in different regions. It is estimated that white skin pigmentation began to emerge in Central Europe around 8,000 to 6,000 BCE. The spread of lighter skin to Western Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa likely followed, but the specific timing and extent of this process can vary based on population dynamics, migration patterns, and natural selection pressures [4].

According to specialist scientists, the knowledge of the genetics of skin tones in Africa is less mature than the knowledge of the genetics of skin tones in Europe. This is due to academics having dedicated a higher volume of research to European specimens. Scientists have found that genes which they thought are only present in “white Europeans” and which they thought were indicators of “whiteness” exist in some black Africans too. [5]

African Albinos are beautiful Africans; they are not cursed. There are also albinos in Europe, Asia such as fashion model Connie Chiu and America. It is just caused by being born with high levels of tyrosinase inhibitor.

Our black skin is not some kind of indication that we can’t govern ourselves. People need to learn facts about the world so that they don’t internalised racism. 

References:

[1] Jablonski, N. G. (2004). The evolution of human skin and skin color. Annual Review of Anthropology, 33, 585-623.

[2] Rees, J. L. (2003). Genetics of hair and skin color. Annual Review of Genetics, 37, 67-90.

[3] Oetting, W. S., & King, R. A. (1999). Molecular basis of albinism: mutations and polymorphisms of pigmentation genes associated with albinism. Human Mutation, 13(2), 99-115.

[4] Beleza, S., Santos, A. M., McEvoy, B., Alves, I., Martinho, C., Cameron, E., ... & Rocha, J. (2013). The timing of pigmentation lightening in Europeans. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 30(1), 24-35.

[5] Ed Yong (2017). The Ancient Origins of Both Light and Dark Skin: A study of diverse people from Africa shows that the genetic story of our skin is more complicated than previously thought. The Atlantic Magazine. Published 12 October 2017. Last accessed 23 May 2023.

If you think writing began in Africa after 1884, here are 35 societies that had writing

(1). Ancient Egypt - had hieroglyphs and hieratic which inspired Proto-Sinaitic.

(2). Aksumite Empire - Inscriptions on obelisks and other monuments.

(3). The Asante kingdom - used Adinkra symbols on cloths.

(4). Benin Empire - Use of writing on brass plaques and other objects.

(5). Buganda Kingdom - Use of a unique script called "Luganda".

(6). Dahomey Kingdom - Use of writing on commemorative staffs and other objects.

(8). Ethiopia (Solomonic dynasty) - Use of the Ge'ez script in religious texts and other writings.

(9). Ekpe and Ekoi people of Nigeria - had Nsibidi inscriptions. For instance, Nsibidi symbols can be seen on a ritual object, a mask in the shape of a bird's head, from south-eastern Nigeria. Nsibidi is a symbolic system used to decorate gourds, houses, textiles, pottery and other items. It is used both in public spaces and by Ekpe male secret societies.

(10). Ghana Empire - Mention of "scribes" in historical accounts.

(11). Ilorin Kingdom - used Ajami script.

(12). Kanem-Bornu Empire - Use of Arabic script in religious texts and other writings.

(13). Kongo Kingdom - used writing on bark, books and cloths.

(14). Napatan Kushite kingdom - first used pictograms then used hieroglyphs.

(15). Kingdom of Makuria - existed in Southern Egypt / northern Sudan. They wrote in Nubian as well as Greek from the 8th Century to the 15th century; leaving evidence on walls, buildings and manuscripts.

(16). Mali Empire - Mention of "scribes" in historical accounts.

(17). Meroitic Kushite Kingdom: wrote in cursive Meroitic for administrative work and hieroglyphic Meroitic for religious purposes.

(18). Kingdom of Mauretania: wrote in Latin and Tifinagh.

(19). Nobatia - was a kingdom in Nubia that wrote in Coptic. There is a copy of a Coptic inscription in the Temple of Dendur, commemorating the conversion of the temple into a church during the reign of king Eirpanome (mid-6th century).

(20). Nok civilisation - had inscriptions on their terracotta. It has not been decoded yet out of disinterest.

(21). Nubia - Use of the Meroitic script and later, the Coptic script.

(22). Old Kingdom of Egypt - Use of hieroglyphs in tombs and other monuments.

(23). Punt - Use of hieroglyphs in Egyptian inscriptions.

(24). San - Use of rock art to convey information and stories.

(25). Songhai Empire - Mention of "scribes" in historical accounts.

(26). Swahili city-states - Use of Arabic script in written records and other writings.

(27). Tifinagh-speaking Berber societies - Use of the Tifinagh script in written records and other writings.

(28). Timbuktu - Existence of numerous written texts and manuscripts.

(29). Wagadu Empire - Mention of "scribes" in historical accounts.

(31). Yoruba Kingdoms - Use of a unique script in religious and other writings. This fell out of use and Latin script was adopted prior to colonisation. Scribes were called Akọ̀wé.

(32). The Zagwe Dynasty (10th-13th century AD): A medieval dynasty that ruled over a large part of the Ethiopian Highlands. It was founded by Mara Takla Haymanot, a descendant of the Aksumite kings. They wrote in Ge’ez.

(33). Zimbabwe Kingdom - Use of writing on stone and pottery objects.

(34). Zulu Kingdom - Use of beadwork to convey information and stories.

(35). Efik People - the Elite of the Efik people wrrr literate, based on evidence we have of written correspondence between Europeans and the rulers of the Efik people.

History of Afro-Brazilians

Brazil has a population of about 215 million, and 120 million of them (equivalent to 56% of the country) claim African or mixed ancestry. 

Afro-Brazilians have left an indelible mark on the tapestry of Brazil's history. Their journey through the centuries is one of triumph over adversity, as they have played a vital role in shaping the nation's culture, politics, and society.

This is a summary of ten pivotal events, key figures, and significant places that chronicle the remarkable history of Afro-Brazilians.

Arrival of the First Africans (1500s):

The story begins with the arrival of the first Africans on Brazilian soil. Portuguese explorers brought enslaved Africans to work on sugar plantations. Notable figures include Chica da Silva, who rose from slavery to become a respected figure in society.

The Quilombo of Palmares (1600s):

The legendary Quilombo of Palmares, led by Zumbi dos Palmares, stands as a symbol of resistance. A quilombo from the Kimbundu word Kilombo means “war camp” and was the word for Brazilian settlements founded by people of African origin and others called Carabali. This maroon settlement of escaped slaves in the northeastern region defied colonial rule for decades, inspiring generations to come.

Abolition of Slavery (1888):

The signing of the Golden Law in 1888 marked the end of slavery in Brazil. Princess Isabel, regent of the Empire of Brazil in her father’s absence, under pressure from abolitionist movements, enacted this crucial legislation. The Golden Law was swiftly followed by a military coup citing discontent among the slaveholding elite, the marriage of Princess Isabel to a Frenchman and sympathies for a republic mode of government. The Golden Law therefore was followed by new challenges as Afro-Brazilians sought to rebuild their lives.

Afro-Brazilian Religions (20th Century):

The Candomblé and Umbanda religions hold a special place in Brazil's cultural heritage. Prominent figures like Mãe Menininha de Gantois and Pai João contributed to preserving these African-rooted traditions.

Samba and Carnival (Early 20th Century):

Samba, with its African rhythms, became the heartbeat of Brazil. The iconic Rio Carnival and prominent musicians like Carmen Miranda showcased the cultural richness of Afro-Brazilians.

Pelé, the Football Legend (20th Century):

Pelé, born Edson Arantes do Nascimento, emerged as a global football sensation. His skills and charisma transcended the sport, making him an international ambassador for Afro-Brazilians.

Racial Reckoning (Late 20th Century):

In the late 20th century, movements for racial equality gained momentum. Abdias do Nascimento, a prominent activist and artist, advocated for the rights of Afro-Brazilians, leading to important changes in the law and policy.

Afro-Brazilian Literature (20th Century):

Authors like Machado de Assis, Lima Barreto, and Conceição Evaristo made significant contributions to Brazilian literature, enriching the nation's literary landscape with diverse narratives.

The Roots of Bahia (Salvador):

Salvador, Bahia, often referred to as the "Black Rome," is a city that preserves the essence of Afro-Brazilian culture. The historic neighborhood of Pelourinho, filled with colorful colonial buildings and Afro-Brazilian cultural centers, remains a focal point for the Afro-Brazilian experience.

Contemporary Leaders and Movements (21st Century):

Today, prominent figures like Taís Araújo, Lázaro Ramos, and Djamila Ribeiro continue to lead efforts for Afro-Brazilian representation in media, politics, and activism. Movements like Black Lives Matter Brazil are pushing for racial equality and social justice.

In short, the history of Afro-Brazilians is a testament to their resilience, creativity, and cultural richness. From their arrival as enslaved individuals to their contemporary leadership, they have played an integral role in shaping Brazil's identity. As the nation grapples with issues of racial equity, acknowledging the contributions of Afro-Brazilians is vital in building a more inclusive and just society. Please do your own research to learn more about the people and events I highlighted.

AFRICAN HISTORY

Those who wish to learn African History, need to prepare their minds to learn nuances.

Uncovering history is a complex process requiring context, cultural understanding, and objectivity. 

Certain ways of thinking may explain why some people think alike, such as ignoring context, looking at commonalities rather than the whole, treating correlations as causations or pushing nationalistic, racist, convenient or other types of agendas into a subject.

History faces limitations due to the randomness of how evidence is discovered, the perishable nature of some practices, beliefs and languages, and confirmation bias in finding evidence.

It involves conscious and unconscious aspects, private versus public events, and the interplay of various disciplines.

Pre-colonial Africa had rich interactions with Islam and Egyptian civilizations, but colonization imposed European values and consumerism. 

European slave trade and Muslim slaving were external excuses for historical injustices. Validators of knowledge to Europeans include universities and current cultural soft exporters, which have affected what some people think represents history. Some people may use fictional depictions from TV to judge what they think happened.

History is a collective effort between scholars and subjects, blending imagination and facts to create a holistic understanding of human experience.

Assuming the simplest answer or the answer which feels good is the only possible answer, is not research. We need to do legwork and test all claims, whether we treasure them or not.

𝗗𝗜𝗗 𝗬𝗢𝗨 𝗞𝗡𝗢𝗪 𝗪𝗛𝗘𝗥𝗘 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗛𝗥𝗔𝗦𝗘 ''𝗔𝗝𝗔𝗟𝗔 𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗩𝗘𝗟𝗟𝗘𝗥'' 𝗖𝗔𝗠𝗘 𝗙𝗥𝗢𝗠?

Nigerian student Moshood Adisa Olabisi Ajala wearing an agbada and an Igbo Ozo cap, sits astride the motor scooter on which he is making a round-the-world trip, in Berlin, Germany.

Ajala's trip is set to take him through Poland to Moscow and onto Beijing, with the countries visited written on the scooter's bodywork.

At the time this photo was taken, Olabisi Ajala was 28 years old, as a student in the US, he battled with depression and attempted suicide twice, but took fate into his own hands. Ajala lived his life on the edge.

He was a journalist, travel writer, actor, and later Lagos socialite. He is famous for being a globe-trotter, with escapades in Israel, Egypt, Palestine, India, the United States, and elsewhere. His only published book, which covered his travel adventures, was titled An African Abroad published in 1963.

On April 27, 1957, Àjàlá began a trip "around the world" from London. These would form the basis for his 1963 biography called "An African Abroad", with an introduction by Tom Mboya. He planned to visit forty countries.

Àjàlá had visited India, the Soviet Union, Iran, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, Egypt, and finally, Australia. He travelled round all of them on his Vespa scooter, which had famous autographs of the famous people he had met. On his journey around the world, he met many more, among whom were Jawaharlal Nehru, Golda Meir, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Gamal Abdel Nasser, The Shah of Iran, and Nikita Khrushchev. He also visited Poland, Germany, Prague, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Yugoslavia, Albania, Bulgaria, Rumani, Hungary, and Turkey.

While living in Lagos, Àjàlá suffered a stroke in the early days of 1999around and did not receive adequate care.

He died on February 2, 1999. 

TILLING FOR THE 'GOLD' IN THE GOLD COAST

After the fall of Benin city, the capital city of Benin empire, British set out to takeover the whole of West Africa for itself, with the French contending for coastal regions. 

Ashanti Kingdom was one of the strongest kingdom at the coastal region of West Africa; a kingdom rich in gold, in such much quantity that 'the natives dug out gold nuggets in their backyards'. And as much as it sounds too good to be true, this was actually a fact around the lands of tribal groups like the Fante, Ahanta, Nzeemaa, Ashanti, ewe, Frafra and so on that occupied what we know today as republic of Ghana. This modern country differ, geographically, with the medieval kingdom of Ghanah (the word itself meaning gold in several West African languages), which was located in the lands of the Soninke people of what is today Mauritania, including Gambia and part of Senegal and western Sahara.

The Ashanti Kingdom had a strong alliance with the Benin empire which was centred around what is today southern parts of Nigeria toward the delta and the bight of Biafra toward the southern parts of (modern day) Cameroon to the east, down to what is Gabon today. The geographical area controlled by the Benin empire went through different changes from the 12th century CE to the 16th century CE, when the empire had, at this time, stretched to what became modern day Togo toward the west of the capital city of the empire. It was at this time that Benin empire had the strongest ties with The Ashanti Kingdom. 

But by the 18th century CE, Dhahomey kingdom was carved out and became a go-between region with Benin empire on one hand and Ashanti Kingdom on the other.

Ashanti Kingdom also had strong inter-communal relations with groups in the southern borders of the Songhai empire(and formerly, the Mali empire) which had collapsed in the 1590s after Morocco hired mercenaries from Europe to loot and plunder Songhai empire. The relationship between these entities made their cities great contributing units to the trans-Saharan trade, along with city states like Kano; where all the hides and skin products that could be found anywhere along the trans-Saharan trade routes came from. The relationship between these entities was so strong that at some point, what became Ghana and Mali in the 20th century CE almost became one nation through peaceful negotiations that unexpectedly, fell along the way.

The British and the French had wanted these West African regions; its rich resources, land and trade, and they did everything to make sure these entities stopped trading and cooperating with each other, but that they should instead, be trading separately with Europe and not among themselves. In this regards, it worked out for the British to this day. Although it was the Portuguese that had made the initial moves, the French(the descendants of the Barbarian tribe of Europe, known in history as the Franks) eventually got Mali, What became Burkina Faso (land of the Mossi), Ivory Coast(land of the Guro Guro) and Niger (lands of the Wadaaobe, Bororo, Tebu and so on), while Britain (descendants of the Europa's barbarian tribe known as the Anglo Saxons from the 5th century CE) got what became Ghana (that the British named Gold Coast) and Nigeria.

This had only happened through bloodshed, slavery, manipulation, deception through religion and the 'divide and conquer' approach that was employed by the British.

This was possible because the 'inner circles' of these African societies fall apart, and the centre could no longer hold. The first of these group to breakaway from the "inner circles' in the region was the Mossi, next was the Dogon people, then the Akan and the northern regions of the Hausa speaking tribal groups who had began to mix ties with the Fulani(Fulbe) people from Fouta Djallon highlands in Guinea. 

The Fulani were the first group in Africa to embrace Islam from the Arabian caravan traders and who took Islam as their culture and tradition, instead of just as a belief system and statecraft.

The 'scramble for Africa' in the 19th century CE was a period when European countries were almost on the brinks of war as "they struggled among themselves on which European tribal nationality should own what in Africa" -John Henrik Clarke. During the all European Berlin conference of 1884/85, the European countries were able to settle among themselves like "thieves sharing the spoils of robbery," the whole of Africa, except Ethiopia (the former polity of Abyssinia which Italians couldn't afford to take, even though they tried and persisted to their defeat).

Western Europeans were able to divide Africa among themselves. 

Samuel Johnson, a British poet described such a struggle between the French and the British as being like "two robbers fighting each other over a passenger's bag..." Over the spoils of plunder. 

Tomas Sankara who had observed this from history, had broken all ties with western countries in the 1980s, pulled out of the IMF and began, internally, developing his country, and he did well for Burkina Faso. He was assassinated in 1987. In 1993, a presidential aspirant in Nigeria, Bashirun MKO Abiola, promised in his Manifesto that he would free Nigeria from the crutches of what had held her bound for centuries, and make America and Europe pay for over 300 years of plunder, by first declaring all presumed debts owned to Europe or America by Nigeria as 'Null and void.' Two months later, the election (known then in that West African country as the famous June-12 election, which was subsequently declared the fairest in the history of the country) was declared 'null and void' by the Nigerian military president then, Ibrahim Babangida.

MKO Abiola was, belatedly, concluded to be the presumed winner of the election. He died while still under house arrest, right before Kofi Annan, the then UN Secretary general, during a meeting to discuss his freedom and annulled election.

Jerry Rawlings of Ghana, observing the awful events that history had brought to his people, had enforced reforms that made Ghana a peaceful and prospering west African nation. Recently, a military regime in Mali had began similar efforts by cutting all ties with France and sending all French forces out of Mali, beside effecting a change in currency.

𝟣𝟥 𝖦𝖮𝖫𝖣𝖤𝖭 𝖠𝖢𝖳𝖮𝖱𝖲 𝖮𝖥 𝖸𝖮𝖱𝖴𝖡𝖠 𝖭𝖮𝖫𝖫𝖸𝖶𝖮𝖮𝖣

The Yoruba movie industry, a genre within Nollywood, has a rich history dating back to the mid-1960s when actors from various Yoruba traveling theatre groups ventured into movie production using Celluloid format. Over the years, this industry has thrived and given rise to exceptional actors who have contributed significantly to its growth. Among them, these thirteen actors stand out:

(1). Lere Paimo (Eda Onile ola)

Born on November 19, 1939, in Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Lere Paimo is a versatile Nigerian film actor, filmmaker, producer, and director. His career began in 1960 when he joined the Oyin Adejobi theatre group, eventually making a name for himself in the epic Yoruba film "Ogbori Elemosho." His contributions earned him a National award of Member of the Federal Republic in 2005.

(2). Peter Fatomilola

Born on January 16, 1946, in Ifisin-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Peter Fatomilola is not only an actor but also a scholar. He joined the Olokun Theatre group and later obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in Theatre Arts from Obafemi Awolowo University. His role as Papa Ajasco in a comedy film propelled his fame, and he has featured in several notable Nigerian films.

(3). Kareem Adepoju ("Baba Wande")

Popularly known as "Baba Wande," Kareem Adepoju is celebrated for his role as "Oloye Otun" in the 1993 film "Ti Oluwa Ni Ileu." His filmography includes movies like "Oluweri Magboojo," "Arugba," and "Anikulapo."

(4). Ebun Oloyede ("Igwe Olaiya")

Lukmon Ebun Oloyede, known as "Igwe Olaiya," is renowned for his comedic roles in Yoruba movies. He started his career as a TV personality at the Nigerian Television Authority and transitioned to acting in stage plays and eventually home videos, becoming one of the industry's top actors.

(5). Kayode Olaiya (Aderupoko)

Kayode Olaiya, a veteran Nigerian actor born on April 12, 1949, gained fame in Yoruba indigenous language films. He's known for movies like "Saworoide," "Agogo Eewo," and "The Figurine."

(6). Adebayo Salami ("Oga Bello")

Born on May 9, 1952, Adebayo Salami's acting journey began in 1964 with the Young Concert Party. He later joined the Ojo Ladipo Theatre Group and Awada Kerikeri Theatre Group. His role in the first Yoruba film, "Ajani Ogun," marked a significant milestone in his career. Salami has produced, directed, and acted in numerous Yoruba movies.

(7). Yinka Quadri

Yinka Quadri, born on September 6, 1959, started his acting career in 1976 with the Afopina Theatre Group. He's known for his roles in movies like "Apaadi," "Olaniyonu," and "Ojiji."

(8). Jide Kosoko

Prince Jide Kosoko, born on January 12, 1954, studied business administration at Yaba College of Technology before venturing into acting as a child actor in 1964. He's acted in both English and Yoruba movies and produced his films.

(9). Taiwo Hassan ("Ogogo")

Born on October 31, 1959, Taiwo Hassan, popularly known as "Ogogo," began his acting career in 1981. He's celebrated for roles in movies like "Omin" and "Bolode o'ku" and has received numerous awards.

(10). Sunday Omobolanle ("Papi Luwe")

Sunday Omobolanle, also known as "Papi Luwe," is a Nigerian comic actor, playwright, director, and producer. He's known for movies like "Adun Ewuro" and "Konkobilo."

(11). Charles Olumo ("Agbako")

Charles Olumo, a veteran actor, is famous for his iconic 'bad man' roles in Yoruba movies. He began his acting career in 1953, recently clocked 100yrs.

(12). Kola Oyewo

Kola Oyewo, born on March 27, 1946, is a veteran actor, dramatist, and scholar. He's known for roles in movies like "Sango" and "The Gods Are Not To Blame" and has a strong academic background in drama.

(13). Yemi Elebuibon

Yemi Elebuibon, born in 1947, is a multi-talented writer, poet, author, linguist, and a renowned Ifa priest. He's dedicated to preserving Yoruba culture and heritage through plays, films, and academic contributions.

These actors have left indelible marks on the Yoruba Nollywood industry, contributing to its growth and cultural preservation.

DOGON PEOPLE

The DOGON people of West Africa were among the tribal groups that moved away from the Nile valley to settle in the mountainous areas of west Africa, over 3000 years ago. This had uttered the ancient way of life of the tribal nationality which is now part of Mali 🇲🇱 

The initial settlements of the Dogan people was around the Bandiagara region. The Dogon people had in ancient times, excelled in many artistic cultures(like the Igbo Ukwu civilization), including architecture, mining, ancient science, especially astrology and medicine.

According to the encyclopedia Britannica, " the earliest known textiles in sub-saharan Africa are the baste fibre fragments of/[from] Igbo Ukwu (9th century AD), and clothes found in Tellem caves of the Bandiagara region of Mali(11th century or earlier).

'None of these artistic manifestations appear as a beginning of any kind; each appears as fully developed in style.'

The Dogon had moved away from the Nile civilization, wandering around the desert to settle in the Soudan(west Africa), starting from 3100 BCE. This was as a result of the onslaughts of nomadic groups from western Asia, who had began to take over the coastal areas of north Africa from the Nile delta, moving westward, towards leptis magna, in what is today Libya and then Algeria.

It was around this time that the vast sea which was about the size of France, around where we have the Sahara today, eventually dried up, giving rise to unrest and wandering groups, that moved restlessly, not building settled societies in stone as they used to, but constructing makeshift shelters that over time became a part of the traditional architecture of some groups; a situation that was to remain a part of those who survived, into the early medieval era and at the time western Europe arrived Africa in search of proceeds to develop Western Europe, out of the remaining dire effects of the 'dark ages'; a period when, after the fall of Rome, Europe degenerated back to primitive life (c. 565-1095).

According to Historian, Chancellor Williams (in 'The destruction of black civilization', which is a book all Africans need to read), "these tremendous victories of the white men were not achieved by conquest. It was achieved by default, on the side of a race, too preoccupied with the immediate present and less with its future." 

This situation has not changed very much with most of the tribal groups around Africa, that were dispersed from the Nile valley.

Democratic Republic of Congo 🇨🇩 - DRC

(1). DR Congo is the world's richest country with regards to mineral resources, it has an estimated $23 Trillion worth of mineral deposit still untapped. If properly utilized, DR Congo will be both the largest net-exporter of natural resources and net-producer of finished goods in the world.

(2). Congo DR is the world's largest producer of cobalt, it accounts for nearly 60% of the world's cobalt production. Unfortunately, it's exported to make engines for cars, planes, ceramic and batteries for electrical appliances.

(3). DR Congo is accounts for 80% of the world's Coltan production, this is used to produce phones, laptops and accessories for top companies at the expense of child labour.

(4). DR Congo has a large uranium deposit. Infact, the atomic bombs for the World War 2 had her mineral resources sought from Congo DR and it produced 80% of America's nuclear weapon.

(5). DR Congo has the world's second largest diamond reserves, and is the third diamond producing country after Russia and Botswana.

(6). DR Congo is one of the world's largest gold producer, it accounts for majority of the gold smuggled out of Africa through Tanzania, Rwanda, Uganda to Dubai. Its artisanal gold is one of the most sought after gold.

(7). DR Congo is so rich that so many sources claim that one can dig out minerals with his bare hands.

(8). DR Congo is ranked the 80th largest oil producer producing over 4.1% of it's oil reserve per annum.

(9). The Congo rainforest is home to 600 tree species and 10,000 animal species. Some of its most famous residents include forest elephants, gorillas, chimpanzees, okapi, leopards, hippos, and lions.

(10). DR Congo is a top wood exporting country, also the Congo basin is home to the largest mineral deposit in the world having wood, oil, diamonds, gold and coltan.

(11). Congo DR is a net exporter of entertainment with music being one of it's largest export mostly in the 90s.

(12). Congo DR can produce 40GW of p ower, the most in the world.

AFRICAN HISTORY

A persistent rumor has it that Mount Kilimanjaro actually belonged to Kenya until colonial times when Queen Victoria gave it to her grandson Kaiser Wilhelm, who governed what would become Tanzania, as a rather lavish birthday present. (Clearly, iTunes cards hadn’t been invented yet.) This, some argue, explains the Kilimanjaro-shaped kink in the straight border separating Kenya from Tanzania.

Kilimanjaro: the highest mountain in Africa: one of the seven summits in the world that has its top 5888 meters above sea level: is a colossal mountain and is not confined within the territory of Tanzania. It expanses to the border of Kenya: the neighbouring country of Tanzania. Hence we can say it is located on the territory between Tanzania and Kenya.

The Rongai route is the only trail to approach Mt Kilimanjaro from the North, on the Kenyan side of the mountain. This route is considered more scenic than the Marangu route and easier than the Machame route and has a high summit success rate. Many of the trekkers who want easy and scenic trekking prefer this route to reach at the summit. Climb through this route can be completed within 6 routes.

As like other routes this route would also take you through various vegetation zones. You would pass by the villages and coffee plantations, attractive forest that shelters a variety of wildlife, through the exotic heather-zone flowers and plants and then through the moorland and so on. The outstanding photographic opportunity on your way to the summit would captivate your soul and the mind as well.

History of Tanzania

Tanzania's history unfolds as a captivating tapestry woven with threads of ancient civilizations, colonial struggles, and its remarkable journey towards independence and unity. From the prehistoric footprints on its land to the contemporary nation it has become, Tanzania's historical development is an intricate narrative that has left an indelible mark on global culture, politics, and science.

These are fourteen pivotal moments in the past that have shaped this vibrant East African nation.

Prehistory: Footprints of Our Ancestors:

Tanzania's history begins with the enigmatic footprints of our prehistoric ancestors, discovered at the Laetoli site, dating back nearly 3.6 million years. These footprints are an extraordinary testament to early hominins who once roamed this land. They offer a glimpse into the ancient human experience and have greatly contributed to our understanding of human evolution and migration.

Early Calendars (40,000 Bc - 3,000 BC):

In the western regions such as DRC, communities crafted a lunar calendar as early as 33,000 BC, emphasizing their keen observations of celestial phenomena. The ancient stone circles littering Tanzania and lunar calendar highlight the rich archaeological heritage of East Africa. Stone circles, similar to those in Kenya, are scattered across the region, signifying early human habitation and activities. The lunar calendar suggests a deep understanding of celestial movements and likely played a role in agriculture and other time-related activities.

Transition to Agriculture (3,000 BC to 500 BC):

To the north, near the borders with Kenya, the enigmatic stone circles of Namoratunga, Kenya, date back to 3000 BC, attesting to the region's ancient roots. This period saw the emergence of hunter-gatherer communities that eventually began practicing agriculture. The transition to farming marked a significant turning point, impacting not only the diet and lifestyles but also shaping a more settled existence. The region saw the cultivation of indigenous crops such as sorghum, finger millet, and pearl millet, as well as the harvesting of wild cereals, legumes, and tubers. These activities, while less intensive than later developments, represent early steps in the domestication of plants.

Metalworking (1,000 BC to 400 BC):

The Hadza, an indigenous group in Tanzania, have a fascinating history of innovation, including metalworking. Their knowledge of iron smelting and blacksmithing is a testament to the complexity of early technological advancements in the region. The Hadza were the first people in the world to make steel. This practice is estimated to have begun around 2,400 years ago. The Hadza's cultural and technological contributions further enrich the historical tapestry of Tanzania.

Impact of Ancient African Empires:

The early part of the first millennium AD was marked by the rise of powerful African empires in East Africa, most notably the Kingdom of Aksum (in modern-day Ethiopia) and the Kingdom of Mapungubwe, with its influence reaching into northern Tanzania. These empires played crucial roles in long distance trade and diplomacy, leaving a lasting legacy of cultural interaction and knowledge exchange.

Archaeological discoveries at Engaruka, in northern Tanzania, suggest that complex irrigation systems were developed by ancient African civilizations, supporting extensive agricultural activities. This knowledge of water management laid the foundation for later agricultural practices in the region.

The Swahili Coast: A Hub of Trade and Culture:

The location of Tanzania, with its extensive coastline along the Indian Ocean, played a pivotal role in early global trade networks. The island of Zanzibar became a prominent center for the exchange of goods and cultures. Spices like cloves and the famous Tanzanian ebony wood were highly sought after, leading to interactions with traders from the Arab world, India, and Persia.

These cultural exchanges left indelible marks on Tanzania's identity. The Swahili culture, a blend of African, Arab, and Indian influences, was nurtured along the coast. Swahili, a Bantu language with significant Arabic influence, became a lingua franca in the region, facilitating communication and trade between diverse communities.

Kilwa Kisiwani, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site, was among the trading hubs that flourished on the Swahili Coast. Its ruins tell the story of a cosmopolitan city with intricate architecture and strong economic ties to the rest of the world.

The Rise of Great Civilizations (8th - 19th Century):

The East African interior, like the Kingdom of Buganda in Uganda and the Kingdom of Karagwe in northwest Tanzania, developed sophisticated political structures and cultures. These kingdoms had centralized authorities and thriving agricultural communities. Tanzania was part of the larger African tapestry of development during this era.

Precolonial Governance Systems (A Look At 10 Ethnic Groups):

The precolonial governance structures of Tanzania's largest ethnic groups varied widely. The Sukuma people in northwestern Tanzania, one of the largest ethnic groups, had a decentralized system of chieftaincies, with local chiefs overseeing smaller communities. The Nyamwezi, also a sizable group, were known for their chiefdoms, each led by a chief and council of elders who governed their territory.

In contrast, the Chaga people in the Kilimanjaro region had a complex chiefdom system, with the elders, council, and chief sharing authority. The Hehe people, known for their fierce resistance against colonial rule, had centralized authority under a powerful leader. 

The Gogo people had a chiefdom system with hierarchical leadership, while the Haya people, who primarily reside near Lake Victoria, had a chief, council, and clan leaders who played important roles in decision-making. The Makonde, who are known for their wood carving, had a decentralized governance structure with small chieftaincies and councils.

The Zigua people, primarily found in coastal regions, had a hierarchical leadership structure with the authority of the chief and council. The Iraqw people, known for their unique culture, practiced a decentralized system with elders and chiefs in charge of various communities.

Colonial Struggles: German and British Rule:

The late 19th century marked the onset of colonial rule in Tanzania. It was initially German East Africa, but after World War I, the territory was divided between the British and Belgians, with the British administering the largest portion, which became known as Tanganyika. The legacy of colonialism left an enduring imprint, affecting social structures, economy, and politics. The struggle for independence, led by figures like Julius Nyerere, gained momentum in the mid-20th century. Tanzania's road to freedom was not without challenges, but it ultimately led to the birth of a new nation.

The Unification of Tanganyika and Zanzibar:

Notably, Tanzania played a crucial role in the struggle for independence. Visionary leaders like Julius Nyerere, who became the first President, spearheaded the efforts to unify various regions into a single nation. Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged in 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanzania, showcasing their commitment to unity and a peaceful transition to self-governance, setting an example for the continent. Julius Nyerere's "Ujamaa" philosophy of African socialism and self-reliance became a cornerstone of the nation's identity, emphasizing collective progress over individual gain.

The Struggle Against Apartheid:

Tanzania played a pivotal role in the fight against apartheid in South Africa. Julius Nyerere and Tanzania's unwavering support for the anti-apartheid movement helped Nelson Mandela and other freedom fighters. This support aligned with Tanzania's commitment to justice, human rights, and global solidarity.

Natural Wonders: Serengeti and Ngorongoro:

Tanzania's natural beauty is as much a part of its history as its human events. The Serengeti Plains and Ngorongoro Crater are among the world's most captivating natural wonders. They are not just places of stunning biodiversity and unique ecosystems but also rich cultural sites, as they have been inhabited by the Maasai people for centuries. These landscapes, along with Tanzania's other national parks and reserves, have contributed to our understanding of wildlife conservation and the importance of preserving our planet's treasures.

The Legacy of Mwalimu Nyerere:

Julius Nyerere, fondly referred to as "Mwalimu" (teacher), continues to be an iconic figure in Tanzania's history. His visionary leadership and commitment to African socialism have left an indelible mark on the nation's politics and society. His legacy inspires ongoing conversations about African self-reliance, unity, and progress.

Modern Tanzania: A Beacon of Stability:

In contemporary times, Tanzania stands as a beacon of stability in East Africa. Its peaceful transitions of power, multi-party democracy, and strong diplomatic engagements have bolstered its position on the global stage. With a rich cultural tapestry that encompasses over 120 ethnic groups, Tanzania remains a symbol of unity in diversity, fostering an atmosphere of tolerance and coexistence.

Concluding Remarks:

Tanzania's history is a hidden story of human evolution, trade, colonial struggles, and the relentless pursuit of independence and unity. From the footprints of our prehistoric ancestors to its vibrant cultural heritage, Tanzania has left an indelible mark on global trade, African culture, politics, and science. As the nation continues to evolve, its history remains a source of inspiration and pride, connecting each thread in the rich tapestry of time.

AFRICAN HISTORY

Throughout history, the African continent has been home to a rich tapestry of cultures, many of which have harnessed the incredible power of elephants for war and labor. The methods used by Africans in regions like the Congo, Nubia Kush now present Sudan and Ethiopia to tame and train these majestic creatures remain a fascinating, yet often overlooked, chapter in African history. In this article, we will delve into the techniques employed by these societies and explore the Royal African War Elephant organization's efforts to shed light on this hidden history.

Taming and Training Elephants in Africa:

(1). Gentle Training: African elephant trainers used humane and gentle techniques, building strong bonds with the animals through trust and positive reinforcement. They understood that patience was key to earning the elephant's loyalty. Oftentimes the young calves were taken during elephant hunts to be tamed, trained and raised.

(2). Voice Commands and Gestures: Verbal commands and hand signals were used to convey orders to the elephants. Handlers developed unique vocalizations and cues for various tasks, creating a sophisticated form of communication.

(3). Cultural Significance: Elephants held deep cultural significance in many African societies. Respect for these creatures was instilled in generations, ensuring their treatment was humane and dignified.

(4). Hereditary Knowledge: The art of elephant training was often passed down through families and generations. This ensured a continuous repository of knowledge regarding the care and handling of these animals.

The Forgotten Monuments and Artifacts

Tragically, much of the historical legacy of African war elephants, including monuments and artifacts, has been lost to war, colonialism, and theft.

Excerpt from: The Forgotten Legacy of African War Elephants: A Journey of Rediscovery

 A Book Authored By Marquett J. Ivy

AFRICAN HISTORY

This is one of my favorite images of one of the great figures in African history. Her name is Ahmose-Nefertari. She comes to us from the glorious 18th royal family of Kmt (Ancient Egypt). She is a distinguished African woman painted ritualistically in the color black. She represents rejuvenation and resurrection.

We see the name Kmt used more and more for Ancient Egypt. Kmt means "the Black City" or "the Black community." In the hieroglyphic language of Kmt, the Medu Neter, as I understand it, the symbol was a piece of charred wood.

I am very comfortable with the usage of the term Black. I use Black, upper case, as a descriptive time for the people of Africa. It is ethnic and it is cultural.

I am as comfortable with the word "Black" as I am comfortable with the terms "Africa" and "African." 

Everybody does not like the word "Black." I do.  Everybody does not like the words "Africa" and "African." I do. I think that it is the best name for the Motherland and her people. I use both words, Black and Africa(n) and I am comfortable with both. Just like I sometimes alternate between Kmt and Ancient Egypt. I am comfortable with both.

~ Late Dr. Runoko Rashidi

MEET THE FIRST IGBO LAWYER WHO BECAME LIBERIA’S 5TH PRESIDENT IN 1870

Edward James Roye is Liberia's fifth president

He is noted in Nigeria as the first recorded lawyer of Igbo descent in history. In Liberia, however, Edward James Roye is well-known as the country’s fifth president whose administration was short-lived and who died under rather mysterious circumstances.

Celebrated as the first pure black person to become president of Liberia, Roye was a “pure descendant of the Igbo tribe from Nigeria”. His father, John Roye, was an Igbo slave in Ohio, America who later gained his freedom and became an illustrious merchant with considerable wealth and land in many cities.

Born on February 3, 1815, in Newark, Ohio, Roye would benefit from the financial standing of his family and attend one of the best schools – Ohio University in neighbouring Athens, Ohio.

Following the death of his father in 1836, Roye relocated to Terre Haute where he became famous for establishing the largest barber shop in the community, boasting a 79-foot (24 m) high barber pole, “the tallest in western Indiana” .

In the midst of his fame and success was the American Colonisation Society that was then encouraging free African-Americans to move to the colony of Liberia in West Africa to live in a “prejudice-free nation”.

Not having any ties to the United States after the death of his mother in 1840, Roye decided to make that journey. On May 2, 1846, at the age of 31, he left New York with the rest of his family and arrived in Monrovia, Liberia’s capital, June 7.

There, he improved and within two years, he was already Liberia’s top shipping merchant. He also became active in Liberian politics and by 1849, he was the Speaker of the Liberian House of Representatives as well as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Liberia from 1865 until 1868.

Was one who once said that Liberia was

“decreed to champion the black race and should be governed only by ‘pure Africans,’” Roye was in 1870 elected president of Liberia. This made him the first member of Liberia’s True Whig Party (oldest political party in Liberia founded by Americo-Liberians) to serve as President.

“I do not expect immunity from the criticisms of our opponents, nor do I ask for it,” Roye said in his inaugural address.

The Ohio Historical Society refers to Edward James Roye as the "ninth and forgotten president from Ohio." While in a land far away from the "land of Legend" he is known by some as the "Lincoln of Liberia."

Edward James Roye portrait is on Liberia 5 dollar bill.

King Sahure and His Beautiful Pyramid

A Rare Peaceful Pharaoh?

Sahure was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh who lived during the Old Kingdom period. He was a ruler of the 5th Dynasty, and his reign was marked by peace and prosperity. Amongst other things, Sahure traded with foreign lands, developed a navy, and opened up mines.

Sahure (also Sahura, meaning "He who is close to Re") was a pharaoh of ancient Kemet and the second ruler of the Fifth Dynasty (c. 2465 – c. 2325 BC). He reigned for about 13 years in the early 25th century BC during the Old Kingdom Period. Sahure's reign marks the political and cultural high point of the Fifth Dynasty. He was probably the son of his predecessor Userkaf with Queen Neferhetepes II, and was in turn succeeded by his son Neferirkare Kakai.

During Sahure's rule, Kemet had important trade relations with the Levantine coast. Sahure launched several naval expeditions to modern-day Lebanon to procure cedar trees, slaves and exotic items. His reign may have witnessed the flourishing of the Kemetic navy, which included a high-seas fleet as well as specialized racing boats. Relying on this, Sahure ordered the earliest attested expedition to the land of Punt, which brought back large quantities of myrrh, malachite and electrum. Sahure is shown celebrating the success of this venture in a relief from his mortuary temple which shows him tending a myrrh tree in the garden of his palace named "Sahure's splendor soars up to heaven". This relief is the only one in Egyptian art depicting a king gardening. Sahure sent further expeditions to the turquoise and copper mines in Sinai. He also ordered military campaigns against Libyan chieftains in the Western Desert, bringing back livestock to Egypt.

Sahure had a pyramid built for himself in Abusir, thereby abandoning the royal necropolises of Saqqara and Giza, where his predecessors had built their monuments. This decision was possibly motivated by the presence of the sun temple of Userkaf in Abusir, the first such temple of the Fifth Dynasty. The Pyramid of Sahure is much smaller than the pyramids of the preceding Fourth Dynasty but the decoration and architecture of his mortuary temple is more elaborate.

THE EFFIGY OF NANA YAA ASANTEWAA

The effigy of Nana Yaa Asantewaa at the Manhyia Palace Museum, Kumasi, Ghana 🇬🇭 The woman who fought men in front of cannons.

Yaa Asantewaa was a Ghanaian warriòr, born around 1840, who rose up to lead an army against the invàding Bŕitish. She was a successful farmer and mother. She was an intellectual, a politician, human right activist, and a leader. Yaa Asantewaa became famous for leading the Ashanti rebèllion against British colonialism to defend the Golden Stool.

As the Queen Mother, Asantewaa held many responsibilities, including being the Gatekeeper of the Golden Stool. The Golden Stool is an emblem of the Ashanti kingdom, cultural system, and power. 

In 1896, the Ashanti peoples began to rèbel against the British presence in their lands and the British attempt to construct the “Gold Coast” colony. To retaliate, the British captured and exiled Asantehene Prempeh I, King of the Ashanti, and Asantewaa’s grandson Kofi Tene, who was also a powerful leader. The British removed the king and other Ashanti leaders to the Seychelles Islands in an effort to acquire the Golden Stool.

While remaining leaders within the community debated on how to best respond to the British threat, Asantewaa held her ground and rallied the troops. Her leadership and passion led to her role as Commander in Chief of the Ashanti army. In turn, the Anglo-Ashanti wars’ fifth and final wàr against the British became known as the Yaa Asantewaa Wàr of Independence (or the wàr of the Golden Stool), which began on March 28, 1900.

That conflict began when British representative Sr. Frederick Mitchell Hodgson insist on sitting on the Golden Stool.  Since the Stool was not a throne, when Hodgson’s decision became known, Yaa Asantewaa led the rebellion which resulted in the d.eath of 1,000 Britiśh and allied Africàn soldiers and 2,000 Ashanti.  Both totals were higher that the d.eaths from all previous wàrs between the Ashanti and the Brìtish combined.

She was captured and sent on exile to the Seychelles 🇸🇨 Yaa Asantewa die.d in exile on the 17th of October 1921. Yaa Asantewa's Wàr was the last major wàr led by an African woman. To date, she is honored in Africa as one of the greatest African women. Her body was later returned to Ghana were she was given a befitting burial.

POEM💌🌍 I Am An African

I am an African

Not because I was born there

But because my heart beats with Africa’s

I am an African

Not because my skin is black

But because my mind is engaged by Africa

I am an African

Not because I live on its soil

But because my soul is at home in Africa...

When Africa weeps for her children

My cheeks are stained with tears

When Africa honours her elders

My head is bowed in respect

When Africa mourns for her victims

My hands are joined in prayer

When Africa celebrates her triumphs

My feet are alive with dancing...

I am an African

For her blue skies take my breath away

And my hope for the future is bright

I am an African

For her people greet me as family

And teach me the meaning of community

I am an African

For her wildness quenches my spirit

And brings me closer to the source of life...

When the music of Africa beats in the wind

My blood pulses to its rhythm

And I become the essence of sound

When the colours of Africa dazzle in the sun

My senses drink in its rainbow

And I become the palette of nature

When the stories of Africa echo round the fire

My feet walk in its pathways

And I become the footprints of history...

I am an African

Because she is the cradle of our birth

And nurtures an ancient wisdom

I am an African

Because she lives in the world’s shadow

And bursts with a radiant luminosity

I am an African

Because she is the land of tomorrow

And I recognise her gifts as sacred.

The ADARA People popularly called KADARA

The ADARA people are an ethnic group in southern kaduna state of Nigeria who speak the Adara language. They are one of the largest tribes in southern Kaduna and can be found in Kajuru and Kachia local Government areas of southern Kaduna.

With over 400,000 population their major religion is Christianity at 85%. Though a great number of them are found in the eastern part of Minna, Paikoro and Muya Local Governments of Niger State, and the northern part of Abuja, Nigeria’s Federal Capital Territory. Because of their wide spread distribution, the Adara people speak different dialects which include the Adara, Eneje, Ekhwa, Azuwa, Ada, Ajuwa, Azuah or Ajuah dialects.

One of the historical relevance about the Adara people was their architectural system. The Ugarurule and Ebo are huts used for ritual, and objects of ritual importance are stored there. The Ute (clans) always have both and their major segments sometimes have Ugarurule of their own; also the ante-room usually being of little depth and half open like a verandah. Clan Ugarurule are more elaborate and often have a walled ante-room, roughly rectangular in ground-plan with a stout pole supporting the roof in the inner circular room.

Close by the Ugarurule is found the Ekop, or tomb, in which clan members and their wives are buried. All clans have more than one Ekop but there is usually one Ekop close by the Ugarurule. The Adara Ekop is of a type similar to the “decanter-shaped graves” among certain more southerly tribes of Southern Kaduna, such as the Atyap and the Aegworok. It is of no wonder that the German expatriate chose to build the Kajuru Castle in Adara land in 1978.

Among the major occupations of the Adara people are the following:

Clan hunting known as Ehwa is a dry-season activity, undertaken by all initiated community males of a clan under clearly specified leaders;

Pot-making in the dry season is the great craft of women.

BLACK HISTORY

Jakande was sentenced to jail just like his boss, Awolowo. But Jakande was crying in the court not because of himself but for Awolowo.

When Awolowo saw him, approached him and asked him "why crying for only me..." Jakande replied, "I don't mind going to jail and even adding your terms to mine, why South West, why is it that the only Premier in Nigeria that will be jailed is the Premier of my Region?".                                

Awolowo replied, "Dry your tears, God sometimes keeps his own away from when danger is approaching...."

And that was what happened! The reason why Nigeria didn't break in 1967 was Obafemi Awolowo.

Gowon said, "I needed him badly more than I needed the Nigerian Army".....Why? Two reasons;

(1). The original rallying point of the Yoruba was Awolowo. If Yoruba supported the breakup, no Jupiter can stop it. Therefore, to keep Nigeria one, Awolowo must endorse it!!!!

(2). The wisdom of Awolowo was unequaled, unparalleled, and unrivaled. His wisdom must not be on the side of the rebel, Nigeria would not survive without it.

No wonder the two Warriors Gowon and Ojukwu said and I quote; "I am the luckiest ruler of Nigeria because the best Nigeria asset in person of Chief Awolowo was my Vice Chairman and Finance Commissioner..."- Gowon. "Chief Awolowo is the best President of Nigeria that never was..."- Ojukwu. Need I say more?    

Murtala Mohammed had ensured in his Transition Programme that Shehu Shagari would not contest but after his death, OBJ relaxed the rules.....Shagari was allowed to contest and won but in 1984, Buhari stopped Shagari again, describing his election as "shamelessly rigged".......

NCNC was the popular Party in Lagos. They always won Lagos. And Awolowo's Action Group would have lost in 1954 if not for Madam Abibatu Mogaji the mother of JAGABAN who mobilized the Lagos women for AG!

THE SECRET OF AWOLOWO...

Awolowo deliberately spent a lot of money in establishing exclusive investments for the Western Region where he thought the SW Progressive Politics would be financed. He said, "SW need a stable source of funds to fight politically because poor people cannot fight the Central Government...".             

No one knew this secret until his Deputy had issues with Awolowo and leaked the secret to the opponent. He told them "fight Awolowo from now till forever, if you didn't destroy the Western Nigerian Investments, SW will always be buoyant financially and they will fight you and win you...." Wow!!!!! That was the end!!!

From that time, to cut the story short, SW was targeted! AWO was accused of fraud. Investments converted to Full state investment and later Odu'a Investment. And later, during the military regime, there was a time when all SW governors were non-Yorubas, Odu'a investment was crushed. Cold dead! But LAGOS of Tinubu reinvested the progressive interest in a more sophisticated way.

MAY THE SECRET OF LAGOS NOT BE  LEAKED THE WAY ENEMIES LEAKED THE SECRET OF SW!!! The Story of Progressive Politics in Nigeria since 1954 had its Genesis from Awolowo's Palm Tree which, After processing, has its revelation from Tinubu's Broom!!!

No more No less!

We must never forget the families of Obafemi Awolowo, Lateef Jakande, Bisi Onabanjo, Bola Ige, Adekunle Ajasin, Ambrose Ali, Adebayo, JS Olawoyin, Anthony Enahoro, Abraham Adesanya, S.O Gbadamosi, Bode Thomas.....These are the first generation of progressive politicians who played progressive politics for life!!!

UP AWO!!!!

Simple but Notable. When Awolowo arrived in Lagos from Calabar Prison, after meeting with Gowon, it was Murtala Mohammed who voluntarily drove Awolowo home, in his car. Murtala described the gesture (driving Awolowo) as a privilege!!!����

Is Egypt in Africa?

This is a thorny question that has always been a mystery to many, and confusion continues over the years. The North African country is almost in a continental tug of war. Is it in Africa or Asia? This is the truth about everything. Is Egypt considered part of Africa? Egypt is what we call a transcontinental country. It is located in both Africa and Asia. However, the most important part of Egypt is located in Africa, which is why most consider it Africa. The other little piece of Egypt is located in Asia. It is the Sinai Peninsula, in the southwestern corner of the country. Egypt is one of the oldest countries in the world. The Mediterranean Sea separates Egypt from Europe.

Palestrina, the Gulf of Aqaba, and the Red Sea separate Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Jordan from the east. Egypt is also bordered to the south by Sudan and to the west by Libya. Read also: Cloud kitchen platform Egypt Food Lab raised $4.5 million So when answering this question: Is Egypt located in Africa, keep in mind that it extends across Africa and Asia. Step pyramid in Egypt. Is Egypt in both Africa and Asia? Egypt is located in both Africa and Asia. It finds itself in the middle east and west of the Suez Canal. There are only three other countries in the world that find themselves in such a unique situation. Read also: IFC invests US$15 million in Algebra Ventures to help Egyptian tech startups While many continue to explore the topic about Egypt in Africa, just know that it is a member of the African Union. They joined in 1963. Since the other part of Egypt is in Asia, they are also a member of the Arab League. Is Egypt part of Africa or the Middle East? In the case of Middle Eastern countries, people often refer to those closest to Africa (Egypt) as African. At the same time, the countries closest to Asia, such as (Oman, Iran, Iraq, and others) are Asian. However, they are collectively known as the Middle East. The Asian part of Egypt was once a desert inhabited by a semi-nomadic tribe. According to legend, this is the land where Moses and the entire Hebrew nation wandered for 40 years. The Asian region of Egypt is sparsely populated, with the canal on one side and a barrier on the other.

What Do Egyptians Call Egypt?

People may not see Egyptians as Afro ethnic, which probably makes them feel like they can not claim the African title. Some do not relate to Africa, and so deny the identification. But Africa claims them and is proud to have Egypt as one of them. With geography usually winning the argument, we can not discount the Asian ties.

The sub-Saharan landscape of Egypt’s west and south has long been difficult to traverse. Still, the Sinai Peninsula provided a more direct route to Asia. This allowed more trade and commerce to move across land and better relations with Asian and Middle Eastern countries. It had a more significant influence on Egypt’s culture, customs, food, and way of life than in Africa.

Egypt had closer links with the Indian subcontinent and Europe. Thanks to its 1,522-mile coastline and access to the Mediterranean and Red seas, this influenced Egypt. When they created the Suez Canal, Egypt and the rest of Asia and the Middle East became even closer. This as a result of increased commerce and cultural interaction.

As a result, Egypt remains part of Africa physically. Still, it may be called Asian or even Middle Eastern in all other respects. This is, however, a question of opinion rather than fact.

Ancient African Mummy at the British Museum

Description: Anthropoid coffin of sycomore fig wood, made for a man named Itineb. The exterior surfaces are covered with painted stucco. The face is painted green, and Itineb wears a striped wig, on top of which is a figure of the goddess Nut. She wears a solar disc on her head and holds an ankh sign in each hand. Her wings are extended down the sides of the coffin face, over the stripes of the wig. On the breast is a large collar with terminals in the shape of falcon heads. Below the collar are (1) a central figure of the goddess Nut, kneeling, holding feathers and spreading her wings in protection over the coffin; at the extremities of the scene are kneeling figures of the goddesses Isis and Nephthys and two jackal figures; (2) painted on a black background, a scene showing the judgement of Itineb. At right, his heart is weighed in a balance, and to the left of this he is conducted by Thoth and Anubis towards Osiris, who sits enthroned; (3) a single line of hieroglyphic text extending to the toes divides the lower body field. The inscription contains the hetep di nesu offering formula. At each side are ten compartments, in each of which Itineb is depicted adoring a different deity. The associated texts explain that his various bodily members are identified with those of the deity depicted. On the foot of the coffin lid, in inverse orientation, are two images of Anubis as a jackal seated on a plinth, with texts above requesting offerings from the god. The feet of the coffin are supported by a rectangular plinth, the corners of which have been cut away. The back of the coffin is carved in high relief to represent a dorsal column running from the base of the wig to the foot. On this column is painted a djed pillar wearing an atef crown and provided with human eyes and torso, the hands grasping crook and flail sceptres. Above the djed is an image of a god raising the solar barque into the sky at dawn, worshipped by baboons. At each side of the dorsal column is a series of compartments containing figures of deities, some of them adored by Itineb. The interior of the coffin is undecorated; fragments of linen and blue faience beads adhere to the interior surface.

Ancient African Kingdoms B C

THE NUBIANS

Nubians are a Nilo-Saharan ethnic group indigenous to the region which is now Northern Sudan 🇸🇩 and Southern Egypt 🇪🇬 They originate from the early inhabitants of the central Nile valley, believed to be one of the earliest cradles of civilization.

Nubian history can be traced from c. 2000 BCE onward to 1504 AD, when Nubia was divided between Egypt and the Sennar sultanate and became A.rabized. Nubia and Ancient Egypt had periods of both peace and war. Around 3500 BCE, the “A-Group” of Nubians arose, existing side-by-side with the Naqada of Upper Egypt.

Known for rich deposits of gold, Nubia was also the gateway through which luxury products like incense, ivory, and ebony traveled from their source in sub-Saharan Africa to the civilizations of Egypt and the Mediterranean. Archers of exceptional skill provided the military strength for Nubian rulers.

A Nubian often prefers to marry one of his or her c0usins. A Nubian wedding ceremony often lasts for 40 days, with a long series of r.ituals. According to traditions, the groom has to present several gifts, particularly garments for the bride, her mother and sisters.

The region of Nubia begins at the point just south of Khartoum in the Sudan where the Blue and White Nile join, and is linked to Egypt by the Nile River, which flows northward through both lands to the Mediterranean. Nubia is a region along the Nile river located in what is today northern Sudan and southern Egypt.

AFRICAN HISTORY

Dr. & Mrs George Green arrived Ogbomoso on March 18, 1907 where they started the Ogbomoso Baptist Hospital now "Bowen Teaching Hospital".

George was born July 26, 1872 in London, relocated to Montreal, Canada in 1894 and lived briefly in Cleveland, Ohio. On November 17, 1906, the Foreign Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Convention appointed him the first medical missionary to Africa.

He married Lydia Barnes Williams on January 9, 1907 and together they spent 37 years in Nigeria.

Green was installed Ba'asegun of Ogbomoso and died in 1962 at the age of 90.

What they lay down is still serving the people of Ogbomoso and other cities till date.

©️ Ògbómòsó Ajílété

AFRICAN HISTORY

The first book in the Igbo language (Isoama-Ibo: A Primer) was written by a Yoruba man, Samuel Ajayi Crowther (1809-1891) in 1857.

The book had 17 pages, with the Igbo alphabet, words, phrases, sentence patterns, the Lord's Prayer, the Ten Commandments, and translations of the first chapters of Matthew's Gospel.

In 1882, Crowther also wrote the "Vocabulary of the Ibo Language", the first comprehensive dictionary in Igbo.

Crowther, a descendant of King Abiodun, an Alaafin of the Oyo Empire, was the grandfather (through his second daughter, Abigail Crowther) of Herbert Olayinka Macaulay (1864-1946), founder of Nigeria's first political party, whose father, Thomas Babington Macaulay (1826-1878), founded the first secondary school in Nigeria in 1859.

This is a Private Residence, Not a Hotel or a Resort

It's the  PALACIO DE OKEOWO.

It's the Lagos Home of Ijebu Born Billionaire; Dr. Clem Olu Okeowo.

Located in Ikoyi Lagos. It was Built in the Style of the French Château De Versailles.

It Sits on 5 Acres of Sand Filled Water Front Lying Between Park View and Banana Island Estates.

Standing on 3 Floors,

It Contains 16 Luxury Suits,

With Each Having Appurtenances of a Modern Apartment.

It has Indoor Swimming Pools,

Cinemas and Club Rooms.

There's a Sports Arena with Squash, Lawn Tennis & Volleyball Courts in the Compound.

To Accommodate the Chapel, Large Size Swimming Pool & Jetty, 

An Additional 5,000sqm of the Sea had to be Bought and Reclaimed for $3m.

It Took 11 Months of Work to Complete the Mansion.

According to Ovation Magazine,

Building, Finishing & Furnishing the Mansion Cost him $12m.

The Organ in the Chapel Cost Almost N100m.

Dr. Okeowo is Chairman of Gibraltar Constructions Ltd. He is One of Nigeria's Biggest Real Estate Players Aside Other Endeavors.

He has Interests Ranging from Steel Rolling & Foundering, Shipping & Maritime Services.

He & his Brother Constructed Most of the Edifices in Banana Island, Park View & Several Other Estates on the Lekki Corridor.