EGYPT

An Egyptian asked, “Sub-Sahara Africa Got Invaded by Many European Countries, Did Y’all Turn White?”

This question is a straw man argument disguised as sarcasm. It misrepresents Afrocentric perspectives, pretending all Afrocentrics think the same. They don’t. Some argue Egypt was totally replaced by Arabs, while others believe Arabs layered over an African base at about 3:1. Some Nigerians think Ife was founded by a local; others say a Benin prince. Some Afrocentrics think the Earth is flat, others don’t. Some think history matters, others don’t.

The real question is: Did Egypt experience total population replacement? No. But did Egypt change over time? Absolutely. Invasions, migrations, and cultural shifts layered foreign influences on top of an African foundation. Egypt’s long history of foreign rule differs from Sub-Saharan Africa, where colonialism typically lasted only 70-100 years. Egypt’s first major foreign occupation happened in 1650 BCE when the Hyksos, Asiatic settlers in the Delta, took power. Mozambique, by contrast, was under colonial rule for 400 years.

Did invaders come after 1000 BCE? Yes. Libyans, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Arabs, Abbasids (639 CE), Fatimids, Ayyubids, Mamluks, Saqaliba, Ottomans, Albanians, French, and British all inserted themselves into Egypt’s power structure. Yet Egyptians closest in DNA and appearance to the ancient population are the Sa’idi Egyptians in Luxor and Aswan.

1️⃣ Migration & Deportation: Who Came In, Who Left?

For 3,000+ years, Egypt absorbed and expelled populations. Pharaohs like Thutmose III, Seti I, and Ramses II forcibly relocated Canaanites, Syrians, and Mitanni into Egypt as laborers (Karnak temple records confirm this). Meanwhile, some Egyptians left—Herodotus (5th century BCE) recorded 240,000 Egyptian soldiers defecting to Nubia, integrating into Kushite society.

📌 Conclusion: Egypt’s population was fluid. Migrations happened, but Egypt remained Egyptian.

2️⃣ Did DNA Studies Prove Egypt Was Levantine? No.

Schuenemann et al. (2017) analyzed late-period mummies, not early Egyptians.

What the study actually says:

“From the second millennium BCE onwards, there were intense contacts, including large-scale immigration of Canaanites.”

Translation: This reflects later admixture (post-2000 BCE), not the civilization’s origins. The Hyksos, Greeks, and Romans increased Levantine ancestry, after the pyramids were built.

📌 Conclusion: Foreign influence grew later, but Egypt’s foundation was African.

3️⃣ Foreign Rule & Its Impact

Egypt endured multiple invasions but didn’t experience full population replacement.

Foreign rulers:

✅ Hyksos (1630–1530 BCE) – Ruled the Delta, expelled.

✅ Libyans & Nubians (c. 945–656 BCE):

Libyans ruled Egypt during the Third Intermediate Period (starting around 945 BCE), primarily through the 22nd and 23rd Dynasties, before the rise of the Nubian (Kushite) 25th Dynasty, which reunified Egypt under African rule and reaffirmed deep cultural and political ties to Kush. This Nubian dynasty ruled from c. 744–656 BCE and was eventually overthrown by the Assyrians.

✅ Assyrians, Persians, Greeks, Romans – Some Egyptians left, most stayed.

✅ Arabs (639 CE+), Mamluks, Ottomans, Albanians, British – Islam and Arabic reshaped identity.

📌 Conclusion: Foreign rulers came and went. Some Egyptians assimilated, others retained African traditions—but over time, native Egyptians became a minority in their own land.

4️⃣ What Modern DNA Says: Wohlers et al. (2020)

Modern Egyptian DNA reflects centuries of migration, yet African ancestry persisted.

🔹 Y-DNA (paternal lineages): 27% Arab, 24% Turk/Mamluk, 24% European, 15% North African, 9% East African

🔹 mtDNA (maternal lineages): 60% Eurasian, 24.8% African L haplogroups.

🔹 Autosomal ancestry: 27% Middle Eastern, 24% European, 15% Amazigh, 9% East African.

📌 Conclusion: Egypt mixed over time, but its African lineages never vanished.

5️⃣ Did Egyptians “Turn White”? Nope, But They Changed.

Skin tone varies due to UV exposure, genetics, and adaptation.

✅ Egypt’s latitude means skin tones range from dark brown to lighter shades.

✅ Arab migrations + sexual selection influenced modern appearance.

✅ 120+ genes regulate melanin—not just ancestry.

📌 Conclusion: Africa isn’t a monolith—Egyptians, like all Africans, show natural variation due to complex history.

Re-Cap:

Was Sub-Saharan Africa invaded? Yes. Was it as long as Egypt? No. Nigeria, for example, experienced non-settler colonization, while Zimbabwe suffered settler colonization. Did Egypt change? Absolutely.

📌 While Egypt’s ancient sites, tombs, and pyramids remain, its core identity—language, religion, and political system—was reshaped by successive foreign influences. Many modern Egyptians in Cairo identify as Arab, while those in Aswan & Luxor retain a strong African identity. It’s like how some African Britons identify as British but not Scottish or Welsh.

Final Verdict: Egypt didn’t “turn white,” but it changed—a lot. Successive invasions, migrations, and cultural shifts layered new populations on top of the original African foundation. While Sub-Saharan Africa faced shorter colonialism, Egypt endured millennia of foreign rule, reshaping its language, religion, and governance.

Yet, its ancient sites, tombs, and pyramids still stand. Egypt began as an African civilization but evolved into an Afro-Arab hybrid, blending Nile Valley heritage with Levantine and Islamic influences. 🌍

For that reason, WE DO NOT TEACH REPLACEMENT THEORY ON THIS PAGE.

The Borgu Kingdom: An Example Of A West African Precolonial State

In the heart of West Africa, the Borgu Kingdom stood as a testament to human ingenuity, cultural resilience, and political sophistication. A realm shrouded in mystery, its history reveals a vibrant society filled with technological advancements, intricate social structures, spiritual traditions, and grand political maneuverings. From its prehistoric inhabitants to its final partition by European imperialists, the Borgu Kingdom tells a story of African greatness, adaptation, and survival.

Tracing the Footprints of Ancient Habitation (Pre-1000 AD)

Archaeological findings in the Borgu region reveal Paleolithic and Neolithic artifacts, indicating that humans thrived here for tens of thousands of years. Flint tools, pottery shards, and evidence of agricultural settlements suggest that early Borgu inhabitants had already mastered land cultivation, fishing, and hunting long before written history began.

Technological Innovations and Agricultural Triumphs

Between 350,000 BC and the 19th century AD, Borgu’s inhabitants developed sophisticated iron-smelting techniques, pottery production, and architectural styles. But their most lasting contributions were in agriculture —the domestication of crops like maize and yam transformed regional economies and ensured food security for generations.

The Layout of the Kingdom: A Splendid Society Unveiled

The people of Borgu, known as the Bariba (Bargu) and the Borgawa, built an urbanized civilization long before European contact. Their cities were fortified with walls, adorned with royal palaces, sacred shrines, bustling markets, and administrative buildings. Towns also featured schools, hospitals, stables, barracks, and industrial centers, demonstrating a high level of organization.

Education was largely reserved for the royal family and nobility, but oratory, craftsmanship, and military training were also integral to society.

Political Structure and Provincial Organization

The Borgu Kingdom was a federation of five major kingdoms—Illo, Bussa, Nikki, Kandi, and Paraku—each consisting of 20 to 50 villages.

Unlike the rigid dynasties of Europe, Borgu’s rulers were elected —a council of elders, warriors, and religious leaders ensured governance was meritocratic, not just hereditary. Ministries and administrative departments were established to oversee warfare, trade, taxation, law, and diplomacy.

Ancestral Legacy and Privileges

Borgu’s people revered a founding ancestor, whose descendants enjoyed both privileges and responsibilities. These elite lineages advised rulers, led ceremonies, and held key governmental positions. Nobility was not merely a birthright—it came with obligations to uphold justice, tradition, and prosperity.

Languages Spoken and Cultural Origins

Borgu was a linguistic crossroads, where Mande speakers and Gur (Voltaic) speakers coexisted. Oral traditions and poetry played a significant role in preserving laws, myths, and histories. Olayemi Akinwunmi highlights that these languages evolved from ancient proto-languages, reflecting centuries of migration and cultural fusion.

Predecessors and External Connections

Before Borgu emerged as a centralized polity, the region was home to smaller chiefdoms, pastoralist groups, and trade networks. These predecessors shaped Borgu’s political evolution, connecting it with the wider West African trade routes.

Expansion and Diaspora: The Reach of Borgu

Borgu’s influence stretched far beyond its borders. Its people migrated for trade, warfare, and diplomacy, becoming settlers, slaves, or traders in foreign lands. This cultural diffusion influenced regions across West Africa, leaving traces of Borgu’s traditions, language, and religious practices.

Religious Beliefs and Festivals

In addition to Islamic life, among those who still practiced a non-Muslim religion, spiritual life in Borgu revolved around three key beliefs:

(1).  Ancestral veneration—honoring past leaders through elaborate ceremonies.

(2).  Nature reverence—sacred groves, rivers, and mountains played a role in religious life.

(3).  A pantheon of deities—spirits and gods governed aspects of life, from fertility to warfare.

Festivals were grand spectacles of dance, music, and sacrifice, reinforcing communal bonds and ensuring harmony between humans, nature, and the divine.

Legal Framework and Crime Prevention

Borgu’s laws were strict yet just. Crimes such as raiding, kidnapping, enslavement, treachery, adultery, witchcraft, and tyranny were punishable by exile, suicide, or poison. Justice was swift, and lawlessness among nobles was particularly intolerable.

Courts and Religious Tolerance

Borgu established formal courts, where chiefs, elders, and priests deliberated on legal matters. Unlike European kingdoms, religious pluralism flourished—various faiths coexisted without forced conversions or persecution.

Writing Systems and Communication

Though no surviving manuscripts remain, Borgu likely had written records, similar to Timbuktu’s manuscripts. Proximity to literate neighbors suggests a “Borgu Chronicle” once existed, recording dynastic history, laws, and treaties. In its absence, messengers relayed royal edicts orally.

Tax Revenue and Achievements

Borgu’s economy thrived on agricultural taxes, trade tariffs, and tribute from vassal states. This wealth financed:

• Infrastructure—fortified walls, roads, irrigation projects.

• Education & Arts—scholarship, music, and oral traditions.

• Trade Networks—gold, salt, textiles, and livestock exchanges.

• Diplomacy—alliances with neighboring polities.

Borgu was not merely a collection of villages; it was an economic powerhouse.

The Fall of the Borgu Kingdom: A Colonial Partition

The 19th century saw European encroachment. The British and French, equipped with superior weaponry, naval power, and logistical networks, divided Borgu without a single battle.

France’s Ambition: France viewed Borgu as the southeastern tip of a colonial empire stretching from the Mediterranean to the West African coast. (Marjorie H. Stewart, 1984).

Britain’s Trade Interests: The Royal Niger Company secured British control over Eastern Borgu, prioritizing economic dominance over political preservation.

By 1898, Borgu was absorbed into French Dahomey (Benin) and British Nigeria, effectively erasing its political independence.

Conclusion: A Legacy Undeniable

Borgu was a vibrant, powerful polity, boasting:

✅ Evidence of prehistoric habitation.

✅ Advanced urban planning & governance.

✅ A dynamic political structure.

✅ A fusion of Mande & Voltaic cultures.

✅ Spiritual depth & religious tolerance.

✅ Economic strength & strategic trade networks.

✅ A legal system balancing justice & tradition.

Though its kingdom fell, its legacy remains—woven into the culture, languages, and traditions of modern Nigeria and Benin. Borgu’s story is one of resilience, adaptation, and historical grandeur.

#Africa  #Nigeria

What is a History ? (#Part - 01 | #First)

Definition | Methods | Areas of study | Evolution  of the discipline | Related fields.

History is the systematic study of the past. As an academic discipline, it analyzes and interprets evidence to construct narratives about what happened and explain why it happened, focusing primarily on the human past. Some theorists categorize history as a social science, while others see it as part of the humanities or consider it a hybrid discipline. Similar debates surround the purpose of history—for example, whether its main aim is theoretical, to uncover the truth, or practical, to learn lessons from the past. In a slightly different sense, the term history refers not to an academic field but to the past itself or to individual texts about the past.

Historical research relies on primary and secondary sources to reconstruct past events and validate interpretations. Source criticism is used to evaluate these sources, assessing their authenticity, content, and reliability. Historians integrate the perspectives of several individual sources to develop a coherent narrative. Different schools of thought, such as positivism, the Annales school, Marxism, and postmodernism, have distinct methodological approaches.

History is a broad discipline encompassing many branches. Some focus on specific time periods, such as ancient history, while others concentrate on particular geographic regions, such as the history of Africa. Thematic categorizations include political history, social history, and economic history. Branches associated with specific research methods include quantitative history, comparative history, and oral history.

History emerged as a field of inquiry in the ancient period to replace myth-infused narratives, with influential early traditions originating in Greece, China, and later also in the Islamic world. Historical writing evolved throughout the ages and became increasingly professional, particularly during the 19th century, when a rigorous methodology and various academic institutions were established. History is related to many fields, including historiography, philosophy, education, and politics.

Definition: As an academic discipline, history is the study of the past. It conceptualizes and describes what happened by collecting and analysing evidence to construct narratives. These narratives cover not only how events unfolded but also why they happened and in which contexts, providing an explanation of relevant background conditions and causal mechanisms. History further examines the meaning of historical events and the underlying human motives driving them.

In a slightly different sense, history refers to the past events themselves. Under this interpretation, history is what happened rather than the academic field studying what happened. When used as a countable noun, a history is a representation of the past in the form of a history text. History texts are cultural products involving active interpretation and reconstruction. The narratives presented in them can change as historians discover new evidence or reinterpret already-known sources. The nature of the past itself, by contrast, is static and unchangeable. Some historians focus on the interpretative and explanatory aspects to distinguish histories from chronicles, arguing that chronicles only catalogue events in chronological order, whereas histories aim at a comprehensive understanding of their causes, contexts, and consequences.

Traditionally, history was primarily concerned with written documents. It focused on recorded history since the invention of writing, leaving prehistory to other fields, such as archaeology. Its scope broadened in the 20th century as historians became interested in the human past before the invention of writing.

It is controversial whether history is a social science or forms part of the humanities. Like social scientists, historians formulate hypotheses, gather objective evidence, and present arguments based on this evidence. At the same time, history aligns closely with the humanities because of its reliance on subjective aspects associated with interpretation, storytelling, human experience, and cultural heritage. Some historians strongly support one or the other classification while others characterize history as a hybrid discipline that does not belong to one category at the exclusion of the other. History contrasts with pseudohistory, a label used to describe practices that deviate from historiographical standards by relying on disputed historical evidence, selectively ignoring genuine evidence, or using other means to distort the historical record. Often motivated by specific ideological agendas, pseudohistorical practices mimic historical methodology to promote misleading narratives that lack rigorous analysis and scholarly consensus.

Purpose: Various suggestions about the purpose or value of history have been made. Some historians propose that its primary function is the pure discovery of truth about the past. This view emphasizes that the disinterested pursuit of truth is an end in itself, while external purposes, associated with ideology or politics, threaten to undermine the accuracy of historical research by distorting the past. In this role, history also challenges traditional myths lacking factual support.

A different perspective suggests that the main value of history lies in the lessons it teaches for the present. This view is based on the idea that an understanding of the past can guide decision-making, for example, to avoid repeating previous mistakes. A related perspective focuses on a general understanding of the human condition, making people aware of the diversity of human behaviour across different contexts—similar to what one can learn by visiting foreign countries. History can also foster social cohesion by providing people with a collective identity through a shared past, helping to preserve and cultivate cultural heritage and values across generations. For some scholars, including whig historians and the Marxist scholar E. H. Carr, history is a key to understanding the present and, in Carr's case, shaping the future.

History is sometimes used for political or ideological purposes, for instance, to justify the status quo by emphasising the respectability of certain traditions or to promote change by highlighting past injustices. Pushed to extreme forms, this can result in pseudohistory or historical denialism[d] when evidence is intentionally ignored or misinterpreted to construct misleading narratives serving external interests.

Etymology: The word history comes from the Ancient Greek term ἵστωρ (histōr), meaning 'learned, wise man'. It gave rise to the Ancient Greek word ἱστορία (historiā), which had a wide meaning associated with inquiry in general and giving testimony. The term was later adopted into Classical Latin as historia. In Hellenistic and Roman times, the meaning of the term shifted, placing more emphasis on narrative aspects and the art of presentation rather than focusing on investigation and testimony.

The word entered Middle English in the 14th century via the Old French term histoire. At this time, it meant 'story, tale', encompassing both factual and fictional narratives. In the 15th century, its meaning shifted to cover the branch of knowledge studying the past in addition to narratives about the past. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the word history became more closely associated with factual accounts and evidence-based inquiry, coinciding with the professionalization of historical inquiry. The dual meaning, referring to both mere stories and factual accounts of the past, is present in the terms for history in many other European languages. They include the French histoire, the Italian storia, and the German Geschichte.

#Itihas #History #Historical #ShareThisPost #ItihasIkpane #HistoryMemes #WhatIsHistory

HAUSA ANCIENT TRADITION "TASHE"

Tashe in Hausa Land is an ancient Hausa tradition which is associated with its religious traditions.  These kinds of traditions are the ones who originated from the influence of the Islamic religion on the daily life of the Hausa people after the Islamic religion came to the Hausa land through the Arabs and wangara people especially those who came to the Hausa land as Marchant and clerics around the Fourteenth century.

As the word TASHE means to wake up, the origin of this game performed by boys and girls during the month of fasting is to wake up the sleepers to wake up and have suhoor.  Which was later introduced every time the month of fasting reached ten days instead of just waking up the people during sahoor.  That is, as soon as ten is finished, you will see in the evening, even in the morning or at night, after eating and the Asham prayer is offered Young people both male and female start entertaining people with their TASHE dramas in separate way male has their own and vice versa.  Also, there's another important things when ever TASHE drama is performed by young people because it's organised  to enlighten and entertain the devotees who endure the hungry and thirsty during Ramadan and  need rest and entertainment after Asham.

One of the main purposes of Tashe is how it teaches many lessons in every aspect of life.  So that the presenters of the drama often try to imitate a good or bad behavior that others do in the community that they want to correct because of its badness or to sustain because of its beauty for the development of the community.  Therefore, it can be said that Tashe is a school that teaches Hausa people an education and culture.

In addition the TASHE drama  is a way of giving lessons to the leaders,head of families and the teachers on the way or how they should do to lead the society they are leading.

Those presenters often dress up and talk like anyone they want to imitate in order to get their message across to the world.  Also, the presenters of Tashe go from house to house or markets and other places where people gather to perform the Tashe, and present the Tashe songs in one place and they also mix music and dance.  While those who watch or listen to the Dramatic show give them gifts of money or grain or any luxury.

How to present the  Tashe called "SAKAR NI IN CIWO DAWO"

The Drama  of SAKAR NI IN CIWO DAWO  is a game played by young men, where they will choose one of them, he will be stripped of his shirt, his body will be decorated with white cloth and his face will be decorated with blue color.  Then a long rope was found and tied around his waist, and someone held the rope behind him.  The other boys followed him and the one who was tied to the rope was in front and they went from house to house.  As soon as they entered, he tried to jump up, wanting to run and enter the room in the house they entered, saying;

"Leave me to take DAWO (a Hausa traditional food)."  As for the one who is holding the rope, he insists on pulling him back and the other children answer him by saying, "is the room of your house?"  He will keep doing it the same way and the one who is holding him is going back and forth with him.

Lesson

The lesson that this game teaches children is that a child will know that touching things that do not belong to him is a big crime in Hausa society.  In this way, it is shown to children that even if it is your family's house or someone close to you, it is not good to take something even if that things doesn't have any important like DAWO because before this time DAWO is common in all Hausa houses so even if the things saw is as less than dawo you should not take it by yourself without the permission of the owners of the house.

THE DECLINE OF TASHE  IN HAUSA LAND

Unfortunately this ancient Hausa traditions is facing many challenges nowadays due to the insecurity issues in some Hausa society many Authorities use to deny people from performing it because there's bad eggs who use the opportunity of Tashe to do something bad in society, another challenges facing TASHE is the lack of passion or interest from the Hausa children they prepare to play some foreign traditions instead of keeping their ancestors traditions 

Source: Rabee'u Garba Ruwan Godia

Peseshet: The First Female Physician of History

Imagine walking into an Egyptian clinic in 2500 BCE. You’re greeted by the smell of frankincense and honey—both disinfectants. A patient sits on a low stool, holding their wrist while a scribe records symptoms. A woman dressed in fine linen, wearing a broad collar of beads, examines the patient. She is Peseshet, “Overseer of Female Physicians”, the first known female doctor in human history.

Her life is a monument to African intellectual achievement, a reality that destroys the idea that scientific thinking began with the Greeks. Before Hippocrates, before Galen, before Alexandria’s great medical schools, there was Peseshet in Sais. 🌍

⸻

Who Was Peseshet?

We know of Peseshet from an inscription in her son’s tomb in Giza, where she is titled “Overseer of Female Physicians” (Imy-r swnwt). This alone tells us something remarkable—Egypt had a professional class of women doctors during the Old Kingdom, and Peseshet was their leader. She wasn’t just a doctor; she was a teacher, an administrator, possibly even a medical innovator.

⸻

Where Did She Live?

Peseshet likely lived in Sais, a city in the western Delta famous for its medical and priestly schools. But could she have traveled?

If she did, she would have seen:

✅ The Step Pyramid of Djoser (c. 2667 BCE) – Egypt’s first stone monument, over 100 years old in her time.

✅ The Great Pyramid of Giza (c. 2580 BCE) – Under construction during her lifetime!

✅ Houses made of mudbrick – Luxurious ones had white-plastered walls and courtyards.

✅ The grand temple of Neith – Sais was home to the great goddess of wisdom, Neith. Would Peseshet have served in her temple? A possibility.

If she visited Thebes, she would have walked on dirt roads, as the great temples there were yet to rise. If she traveled south to Nubia, she might have witnessed trade caravans bringing gold, ebony, and incense.

⸻

What Did She Do?

As Overseer of Female Physicians, Peseshet likely:

Taught medical students at a Per Ankh (“House of Life”), attached to a temple.

Practiced medicine, diagnosing diseases, setting broken bones, and treating wounds.

Examined pregnant women, possibly working as an obstetrician.

Wrote or copied medical texts—her students may have read early versions of the Ebers Papyrus, which documents over 700 medical treatments.

Her world was one of practical science mixed with religious belief. Egyptians understood the pulse, circulatory system, and brain injuries, but they also used spells to aid healing.

⸻

How Did She Learn?

Peseshet’s education would have started young. Egyptian learning was intense—students memorized vast amounts of medical knowledge. A medical apprentice at a House of Life would:

Copy scrolls by hand, learning from the texts of earlier physicians.

Observe dissections—Egyptians studied bodies during mummification.

Train with senior doctors—like a modern medical residency.

Recite incantations—because medicine and magic were intertwined.

By the time she graduated, she could identify over 50 diseases, perform surgeries, and prescribe treatments like honey for wounds (modern science confirms its antibacterial properties!).

⸻

What Kinds of Treatments Did She Use?

Peseshet’s medical toolkit included:

✅ Surgical tools – Knives, forceps, probes. Egyptians performed trepanation (drilling the skull to relieve pressure).

✅ Herbal medicine – Aloe for burns, castor oil for constipation, garlic for infections.

✅ Honey & moldy bread – Early antibiotics! (The Egyptians were using penicillin before Alexander Fleming.)

✅ Magic spells – “I drive away illness as Ra drives away darkness!” Spells acted like psychological therapy.

Did she believe in these spells? Likely yes—Egyptian medicine treated both the body and the soul.

⸻

Could She Have Been Average?

If Peseshet was an exceptional woman, she was part of a society that made such achievements possible. Unlike in later societies where female doctors were rare, Egypt allowed educated women in medicine, business, and government.

But what if she was an ordinary physician? That’s even more mind-blowing—it would mean there were many more women like her, lost to history simply because their names weren’t recorded.

Either way, she debunks the myth of the “Greek Miracle”—the false idea that scientific thinking began with the Greeks.

Long before Hippocrates (5th century BCE):

🔹 Egyptians wrote medical textbooks.

🔹 Egyptians recorded surgical techniques.

🔹 Egyptians knew that the brain, not the heart, controlled movement.

Greek scholars like Herodotus and Plato ADMITTED that Egyptian medicine was superior. Even Hippocrates’ four humors theory was borrowed from Egyptian ideas of bodily balance.

⸻

What Was Her Life Like?

Let’s imagine two versions of Peseshet’s life.

Version 1: The Exceptional Woman

Peseshet was born into a wealthy family in Sais, trained in the House of Life, and became the most renowned female doctor of her time. Pharaoh calls on her to treat the royal family. She oversees a team of midwives and surgeons, leading medical advancements.

Version 2: The Ordinary Doctor

She grows up in a modest home, works long hours in a busy clinic, treats diseases with herbs and prayers, and trains apprentices who will carry on her legacy. She dies after a long, respected career, remembered by her students.

Either way, her influence is undeniable.

⸻

A Dynasty of Wisdom: Akhethetep & Ptahhotep Tjefi

If Peseshet was the first known female physician, did her legacy continue through her family?

Her son, Akhethetep, was a royal official and vizier—a man of power and intellect in his own right. His beautifully decorated mastaba in Saqqara depicts him overseeing scribes, leading state affairs, and possibly engaging in the administration of Egypt’s early medical schools. Was his mother’s influence evident in his work? Perhaps. Egyptian viziers were responsible for governance, but also for education, temple administration, and sometimes even legal medicine. Could Peseshet have advised him on medical matters? Was she the one who ensured he received a scholar’s education? It’s a possibility too intriguing to ignore.

Then there’s Ptahhotep Tjefi, a name that stands as one of the greatest moral philosophers of ancient Egypt. His Maxims of Ptahhotep, a collection of wisdom literature, remains one of the oldest known books on ethics, leadership, and human nature. If he was indeed Peseshet’s grandson, her legacy extended beyond medicine—she would have influenced a lineage of intellectual giants. Did she teach him about the delicate balance of life and health? Did she sit by a young Ptahhotep, describing the fragility of the human body and the importance of wisdom in both healing and leadership?

If this connection holds true, Peseshet was not only Egypt’s first female doctor but also the matriarch of a family that shaped Egyptian thought.

⸻

Peseshet’s Own Legacy

Peseshet lived before many of the monuments Egypt is famous for. She never saw Karnak, Abu Simbel, or the Valley of the Kings. But her achievements lasted beyond stone and statues.

She proves that African civilizations had medical schools 2,000 years before Greece.

She was part of a system that created medical knowledge used for centuries.

She stands as the first named female doctor—proof that women in Egypt could lead in science.

So the next time someone tells you that science started in Greece, remind them of Peseshet—the physician of Sais, the first of many, but not the last.

⸻

Final Thought: What if her medical texts are still out there, buried in the sands of Egypt, waiting to be discovered? 

#WomensHistoryMonth #Africa #History

For We Are God’s Handiwork~ Ephesians 2:10

The universe is a symphony of physics, an intricate painting of uncountable brush strokes, governed by forces that arose in the explosive brilliance of the Big Bang. This concept, originally proposed by Georges Lemaître, a Catholic priest and physicist, redefined our understanding of existence. Lemaître described a “primeval atom,” the seed of all space, time, and matter, heralding the beginning of the cosmos approximately 13.8 billion years ago. St. Augustine, long before this revelation, offered profound insights about time, arguing that it is not absolute but tied to creation itself. Time, he explained, is meaningless without the existence of space and matter—an idea remarkably consistent with the realization that time began with the Big Bang.

As the universe expanded and cooled, it underwent critical transitions. At roughly 380,000 years after the Big Bang, when the temperature dropped to about 3,000 Kelvin, photons decoupled from protons and electrons, creating the first light—cosmic microwave background radiation—that now pervades the universe. The universe became transparent, and light became observable. Earlier, within the first three minutes, hydrogen and helium nuclei formed in a process called nucleosynthesis, seeding the cosmos with its foundational elements. These primordial gases became the building blocks for the stars and galaxies that now adorn the universe.

Stars themselves are the engines of creation, born from molecular gas clouds collapsing under gravity into protostars. Those that ignite nuclear fusion become stars, ranging from faint red dwarfs to massive giants. Failed protostars, known as brown dwarfs, lack the mass to sustain fusion and will endure for trillions of years, far longer than any other cosmic entity. Low-mass stars like red dwarfs burn their fuel slowly, persisting for tens to hundreds of billions of years. Larger stars, like our Sun, shine for about ten billion years, while the most massive stars burn brightly but briefly, living only a few million years before exploding as supernovae.

It is in these cataclysmic deaths that heavier elements—carbon, oxygen, and iron—are forged, elements essential for the formation of planets and life. The isotropic nature of the universe, with the same elements distributed in all directions, reflects the uniform conditions of the early cosmos, ensuring that stars and planets could arise everywhere.

The zero-energy universe hypothesis further deepens our understanding. Gravity acts as negative energy, counterbalancing the positive energy of matter, dark matter, and dark energy, resulting in a universe with net zero energy. This elegant balance may explain why the cosmos could emerge from “nothing,” a concept as awe-inspiring as the universe itself.

We cannot see the center of the universe because, in a sense, there is none; the Big Bang was not an explosion in space but an expansion of space itself. This isotropic and boundless nature defines our cosmos, a universe where the interplay of stars, gas clouds, and gravity weaves the elements of life into its grand design.

Every atom in our bodies was forged in the fiery hearts of stars, and every moment of creation speaks of a symphony. In this era of human history, we are fortunate to glimpse and comprehend this cosmic symphony. To me, this is God showing off His handiwork—a universe intricately designed, awe-inspiring in its balance, and filled with the building blocks of life. We are not just stardust; we are reflections of the divine, woven into a cosmos that sings His praise.

Before the Indo-Europeans: The Monument Builders of Sardinia, Sicily, Malta, and Northern Italy (5000–2500 BC)

Overview Of Who Built What During 5000–2500 BC

The structures found in Sardinia, Sicily, Malta, and Northern Italy between 5000–2500 BC were built by pre-Indo-European societies, meaning they were not speakers of Indo-European languages and predated the arrival of Steppe-derived populations. These groups descended from Neolithic farmers (arriving ~5000 BC) and pre-existing Mesolithic foragers, forming distinct regional cultures. Stentinello walled villages (5000–4000 BC) reflect an evolving mix of hunter-gatherer defensive strategies and early agricultural enclosures. By 4000 BC, the Ozieri culture in Sardinia and the Maltese Temple-Builders (3600–2500 BC) created rock-cut tombs and megalithic temples, showing architectural innovations linked to Iberian and North African megalithic traditions, rather than any European Indo-European-speaking populations.

These cultures were neither static nor homogeneous. Forager societies (before 5000 BC), linked to the first Europeans, contributed territorial knowledge, stoneworking traditions, and mobility patterns. Neolithic agriculturalists (after 5000 BC), who migrated from Anatolia, introduced permanent settlements, pottery, and ritual monuments, forming the foundation of Mediterranean civilization. The fortifications of Northern Italy (after 3000 BC) suggest increasing social complexity, but Indo-European influence only appears after 2500 BC, with the arrival of Steppe-derived Bell Beaker populations. Thus, these structures were built by pre-Indo-European peoples, shaped by both local European forager heritage and Anatolian agricultural traditions, not by later Indo-European-speaking groups.

DNA indicators of each group and culture

Genetic studies differentiate pre-Indo-European foragers, Neolithic farmers, and Indo-European migrants using Y-DNA, mtDNA, and ancient autosomal DNA (aDNA).

Pre-5000 BC Foragers (Mesolithic European Groups)

Foragers in Italy, Sardinia, and Sicily (~10,000–5000 BC) carried predominantly Y-DNA I2 (I2a1, I2a2) and C1a2, consistent with Mesolithic European hunter-gatherers. Their mtDNA was dominated by U5b, U4, and K1, lineages strongly associated with European Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic populations. Ancient autosomal DNA (aDNA) showed high WHG (Western Hunter-Gatherer) ancestry, clustering with foragers from Loschbour (Luxembourg, ~8000 BC) and Villabruna (Italy, ~14,000 BC).

Neolithic Farmers (~5000 BC Onward, Pre-Indo-European Agriculturalists)

The arrival of Neolithic agriculture in Italy and the Mediterranean (~7000–5000 BC) was driven by populations with predominantly Anatolian and Levantine ancestry, bringing new Y-DNA and mtDNA markers. Y-DNA G2a (G2a2b, G2a2a1), E1b1b (E-V13, E-M78), and H2 replaced most Mesolithic I2 and C1a2 lineages. mtDNA shifted towards haplogroups like N1a, T2, X2, K1a, J1c, and H5, all of which were characteristic of Neolithic Anatolian farmers (~8500 BC in Çatalhöyük). aDNA shifted toward the PCA cluster of early Neolithic Anatolians, resembling contemporaneous groups in Iberia and Central Europe.

Megalithic Builders (~4000–2500 BC, Pre-Indo-European Monumental Societies)

Populations in Sardinia (Ozieri Culture), Malta (Temple-Builders), and Sicily (~4000–2500 BC) were genetic descendants of the early Neolithic, with continuity in Y-DNA G2a, E1b1b, and H2, though with some persistence of I2a in isolated areas. Their mtDNA remained dominated by N1a, T2, K1a, and H5, suggesting strong continuity from early Neolithic populations rather than any Steppe influx. PCA analyses show these groups clustering with Iberian and Western Mediterranean Neolithic populations, linking them to megalithic-building societies of France and Iberia (~4500–3000 BC).

Indo-European Bell Beaker Migration (~2500 BC Onward, Steppe-Ancestry Expansion)

From ~2500 BC, the Indo-European Bell Beaker culture spread into northern Italy, bringing significant genetic change. Y-DNA R1b-M269 (R1b-P312 and R1b-L151) largely replaced G2a and E1b1b. mtDNA saw an increase in H1, H3, and U5a, associated with Steppe pastoralists. aDNA showed a marked shift in PCA, introducing Steppe-derived ancestry (~40–50%), aligning with the Yamnaya and Corded Ware genetic profile seen in Central and Western Europe (~3000–2500 BC).

Thus, pre-Indo-European foragers (~10,000–5000 BC) were largely I2a/U5b-dominated, early Neolithic farmers (~5000–4000 BC) introduced G2a/E1b1b with Anatolian mtDNA, and Bell Beaker Indo-Europeans (~2500 BC) brought R1b-M269 and significant Steppe ancestry, marking the genetic transition to Indo-European-speaking populations.

LIBYA

(1). There was no electricity bill in Libya; electricity was free for all its citizens.

(2). There was no interest on loans, banks in Libya were state-owned and loans given to all its citizens at zero percent interest by law.

(3). Having a home was considered a human right in Libya.

(4). All newlyweds in Libya used to receive 60,000 dinars (£34,470) by the government to buy their first apartment, to help start up the family.

(5). Education and medical treatments were free in Libya. Before Gaddafi only 25 percent of Libyans were literate. Today, the figure is 83%.

(6). If Libyans wanted to take up a farming career, they would have received farming land, a farming house, equipment, seeds and livestock to kickstart their farms... all for free.

(7). If Libyans could not find the education or medical facilities they needed, the government funded them to go abroad. For it was not only paid for, but they got a £1585/month for accommodation and car allowance.

(8). If a Libyan bought a car, the government used to subsidize 50 percent of the price.

(9). The price of petrol in Libya was £0.09 per litre. NINE PENCE!!!!!

(10). Libya had no external debt and its reserves amounted to £103 billion -which are now frozen globally.

(11). If a Libyan was unable to get employment after graduation, the state would pay the average salary of the profession, as if he or she was employed, until employment was found.

(12). A portion of every Libyan oil sale was credited directly to the bank accounts of all Libyan citizens.

(13). A mother who gave birth to a child received £3447.

(14). 40 loaves of bread in Libya used to cost £0.10. TEN PENCE!!!

(15). 25 percent of Libyans now have a university degree.

(16). Gaddafi carried out the world's largest irrigation project, known as the Great Manmade River project, to make water readily available throughout the desert country.

Gaddafi wrote, “They want to do to Libya what they did to Iraq and what they are itching to do to Iran. They want to take back the oil, which was nationalized by these country’s revolutions. They want to re-establish military bases that were shut down by the revolutions and to install client regimes that will subordinate the country’s wealth and labor to imperialist corporate interests. All else is lies and deception.”

Brief History About Akans 🇬🇭

Oral traditions relate that Akans originated from ancient Ghana. They migrated from the north, they went through Egypt and settled in Nubia (Sudan). Around 500 AD (5th century), due to the pressure exerted on Nubia by the Axumite kingdom of Ethiopia, Nubia was shattered, and the Akan people moved west and established small trading kingdoms.

These kingdoms grew, and around 750 AD the Ghana Empire was formed. The Empire lasted from 750 AD to 1200 AD and collapsed as a result of the introduction of Islam in the Western Sudan, and the zeal of the Muslims to impose their religion, their ancestors eventually left for Kong (i.e. present day Ivory Coast). From Kong they moved to Wam and then to Dormaa (both located in present-day Bono Region). The movement from Kong was necessitated by the desire of the people to find suitable savannah conditions since they were not used to forest life. Around the 14th century, some of them moved from Dormaa South Eastwards to Twifo-Hemang, North West Cape Coast and to other Akan states. This move was commercially motivated.

The kingdom of Bonoman (or Brong-Ahafo) was established as early as the 12th century. Between the 12th and 13th centuries a gold boom in the area brought wealth to numerous Akans. During different phases of the Kingdom of Bonoman, groups of Akans migrated out of the area to create numerous states based predominantly on gold mining and trading of cash crops. This brought wealth to numerous Akan states such as the Akwamu Empire (1550–1650), and ultimately led to the rise of the well known Akan empire, the #Empire of Ashanti (1700–1900), the most dominant of the Akan states.

#Africa #Ghana

The Scientific Origins of Yoruba People

Yoruba people have more than one ancestors. By incontestable logic it is obvious that ancestors are the paternal line, maternal line, and autosomal line.

Just as many other cultures around the world, including the Greeks, Hindus, Christians, Muslims, Persians, and Aztecs, have creation myths, the Yoruba also have their own. According to Yoruba mythology, Eledumare, the supreme deity, sent two beings to create humanity. Obatala, the first, failed after getting drunk, while Oduduwa descended on an iron chain, creating land and people. This is viewed as a myth, while evidence suggests Oduduwa was a real person with a real father from Oke Ora, who was talented at uniting people and law making earning him the title Olofin. The historical Oduduwa’s own lineage begins 17,300 generations (346,000 years) INTO Homo Sapien Sapien African history. Where did his parents and their ancestors come from?

Geneticists explored three potential birthplaces for Scientific Adam through Y-chromosome studies, and mitochondrial Eve through mitochrondrial studies. Africa's diverse genetic pool suggests an ancient origin. The Middle East's historical significance and its genetic diversity make it a contender. Asia's genetic variations also play a role. By analyzing genetic markers and mutations, researchers attempt to pinpoint Adam's origin and Eve’s origin, exploring migrations and evolutionary patterns. The debate continues due to complexities in genetic data and human migration, with each region offering compelling evidence for scientific Adam's ancestral roots, along with scientific Eve.

By 200,000-300,000 years ago there were modern humans in all zones of Africa along with archaic humans: in West, North, East, Central and Southern Africa.

The migration path of West African ancestors traces back to East Africa, where early humans exhibited remarkable innovation and adaptability. Dating back hundreds of thousands of years, evidence from archaeological digs in Olorgesailie, Kenya, and Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, showcases early technological advancements and trade networks. Genetic research supports the notion of ancestral migrations, with various subclades of the E-M96 Y-DNA haplogroup indicating movements within Africa.

Linguistic reconstructions provide further insight, revealing shared cultural practices and societal structures among ancient West African populations. These include early justice systems which emerged by 40,000-50,000 years ago, the emergence of religion by 40,000 years ago, and communal approaches to conflict resolution, evident in the Proto-Niger-Congo and Proto-Afro-Asiatic language families. Archaeological findings, such as pottery making and agricultural development, underscore the settlement and development of West African communities over time.

Oral traditions also contribute to our understanding, offering narratives of migration and settlement patterns. These traditions, while subject to evolution over time, provide valuable insights into the historical journey of West African populations.

Despite the comprehensive evidence supporting this migration path, alternative explanations and counterarguments must be considered. Genetic inference, cultural continuity and change, and methodological limitations all play a role in shaping our understanding of Yoruba history. Interaction with other groups, such as North African civilizations and trans-Saharan trade routes, also likely influenced the development of West African societies.

Mythologies are neatly linear, and fascinating to commit to memory or to induce large populations to form a shared sense of culture but multidisciplinary evidence, dna studies, archaeology and linguistic evidence which establish facts provide a multifaceted view.

There have indigenous inhabitants in Southwest Nigeria for millennia and continuous arrivals of foreigners who intermarried, learned the local language and settled down. Their journey was not a linear path but a complex, multifaceted migration. Various routes emerged, bringing African admixtures from diverse populations into  Southwest Nigeria. The migration paths weren't uniform; groups ventured along different trajectories, adapting to varied environments, climates, and challenges encountered along the way.

In about the 9th century AD, a very important revolution started at Ife in central Yorubaland and, over the next six centuries (until about 1600 AD), swept over the whole of Yorubaland. The revolution resulted in the creation of unified kingdoms and towns all over Yorubaland. It transformed the ancient clumps of small and separate settlements into unified kingdoms and towns everywhere in Yorubaland. Starting from Ife in the 9th Century AD, this revolution continued until about the 16th Century AD, and turned Yorubaland into a country of many proud kingdoms and many rich towns.

Prior to the promotion of Yoruba identity under Ajayi Crowther and the independence movements, the Yoruba people had more diverse languages and city states.

Oduduwa myth of him descending from an iron chain carrying a chicken and earth is known by many intelligent Yoruba people to be myth. No one from Benin that has scientific training thinks the first Ogiso fell out of the sky. The allegory mainly means they came from somewhere far away or their impact felt like a Godsend.

Yoruba, as well all other Niger-Congo ancestry traces back to E-M2/E-M96 Y DNA ancestors, L0-L7 mitochondrial ancestors, and it is over 17,000 ancestors as well as over 350,000 years deep.

Term “Yoruba” covers various ethnicities - Oyo, Ife, Ijebu, Owu, Ijesha, Ile, Sabe, Popo, Egba, Ondo, Ekiti, Itsekiri, Awori, Taro, Ga, Ewe, Igbomina, Ikale, Egbado, Akure, Ilorin, Owo, Ahori, Sabe, Lokoga, Ketu and others. It also covers many cities founded by hunters, and other Baale families over 150 of them. Oranyan did not only marry Torosi, a Tapa princess, who became the mother of Sango Akata Yẹri-Yẹri, he also married Moremi Ajasoro. Likewise, all other royal families from Oyo, Ife, Ijebu, Owu, Ijesha, Ile, Sabe, Popo, Egba, Ondo, Ekiti, Itsekiri, Awori, Taro, Ga, Ewe, Igbomina, Lokoga, Ketu, and other regions across over 50 generations, either married indigneous families, or daughters from other neighbouring kingdoms or federations. Yoruba people, like all humans trace their ancestry not only down the paternal line and maternal line which is approximately statistically 0.5% of lineage but also down the autosomal line which accounts for 99.5% of lineage. All these ethnicities are interconnected for many reasons not only by oral tradition, religious myths, language, trade, genetics, and politics.

Our History -Akans

Do you know that Akans are originally from the northern part of Africa?

Well, there’s archeological evidence that they migrated from the northern part of Africa; went through Egypt and settled in Nubia (Sudan). Around 500AD (5th century), due to the pressure exerted on Nubia by Axumite (Aksumite) kingdom of Ethiopia, Nubia was shattered, and the Akan people moved west and established small trading kingdoms. These kingdoms grew, and around 750AD the Empire of Ghana was formed.

The Empire lasted from 750AD to 1200AD and collapsed as a result of the introduction of Islam in the Western Sudan, and the zeal of the Muslims to impose their religion: their ancestors eventually left for Kong (i.e. present day Ivory Coast). From Kong they moved to Wam and then to Dormaa (both located in present-day Brong-Ahafo region).

The movement from Kong was necessitated by the desire of the people to find suitable savannah conditions since they were not used to forest life. Around the 14th century, some of the Akans moved from Dormaa South Eastwards to Twifo-Hemang, North West Cape Coast. This move was commercially motivated.

Ghana has very rich history.

THE AFRICAN ORIGIN OF VACCINATION

Africans in centuries past used to be immune to basic infectious based diseases such as smallpox. The people of the Yoruba kingdom and that of the Kingdom of Dahomey invoked the healing and immunizing powers of the Sopona or Babalú Aye and Sakpata deities (god of smallpox) over these periods (Oripelaye et al, 2016).

Many West and Central African people believed that the invasion of diseases was a result of poor relationships between them and the deities, spirits, or ancestors (The Royal Society, 2020). Smallpox, for example, was said to be a disease caused by sopona’s divine wrath and could only be curtailed and controlled by specific priests in charge of the god’s shrines.

The Sopona priests on the other hand could inflict the wrath of the Sakpta god (god of smallpox) onto those who defied the way of the gods. Afterward, the priest revokes the smallpox disease by scratching the surface material of the pox’s sores into their arms, a practice known as variolation (named after the virus that causes smallpox, the variola virus) or inoculations. Although this practice causes harm to the people, it also heals them by making them naturally resistant to smallpox.

During slavery, West Africans were ordinarily immunized against smallpox through indigenous medical practices representing our means of inoculations. Captains of slave ships were the first to recognize and use this process because they used to send captives who haven’t been inoculated back on shore to be inoculated. Slavery propagated the presence of Africans across the Americas, whereby knowledge of African medical practices such as inoculations was shared, even with their enslavers. The practice of inoculation was introduced to America and then to London by Africans who were brought to Boston and found themselves amid a smallpox outbreak.

In 1706, an enslaved West African man named Onesimus by his enslaver, Reverend Cotton Mather (the prominent Puritan Minister) explained how inoculation was practiced in his home – Africa. Routinely, enslaved Africans were asked by their enslavers if they had smallpox to ensure the safety of their family and themselves. When Onesimus was asked by Mather, he answered both yes and no and further explained: “how he had undergone an operation, a general practice carried out in their homes in Africa, which had given him immunity over smallpox and would forever preserve him, and whoever had the courage to use it was forever free from the fear of its contagion”.

Onesimus’ operation involved rubbing an infected person’s pus into an open wound. When the infected material is introduced into the body, the person is inoculated against smallpox, which is known in modern terms as immunization. Dr. Elumono Blyden further explained that inoculation extended to notions of power, and authority and that “those who held authority were said to be immune, capable of exercising power, and would not succumb to attacks”. It was through Onesimus’ explanation that Cotton Mather and Zabdiel Boylston implemented and began, for the first time in the history of American medicine, trials in inoculating about 245 patients in the year 1721.

Smallpox inoculation was widely circulated and available in multiple languages, and authorities in the Americas began to limit the practice to licensed European or local physicians. Some leading Western scientists declared this practice to be the most significant discovery in medicine for the preservation of human life. “One of whom was a man named Hans Sloane in England, who was the president of the Royal Society”, said Dr. Achebe.

References

*Association of African Universities. (2022, June 10). The COVID-19 Diary: Origins of immunization in African culture and traditional medicine [Video]. YouTube. youtu.be/KInw5WjH6DE

*The Royal Society. (2020, October 20) West Africas and the history of smallpox inoculation: Q&A with Elise A. Mitchell. royalsociety.org/blog/2020/10/w… ulation/

SAM COOKE

He was the last act scheduled on November 3, 1957, and after Ed introduced him, Sam strolled out looking very cool. The music started, he sang “Darling, you-ou-ou send me. I know…”, and the show was over. It was live TV, and the show had run long. The Sullivan Show received so many complaints that they immediately re-booked him.So on December 1, 1957, Sam returned. Ed Sullivan introduced him by saying “Sam, here’s the time.” Dressed neatly in suit and tie, Cooke delivered a stripped-down version of “You Send Me.” His performance used little more than backup vocals to compliment his singing, and centered on Cooke himself. As he crooned directly into the camera, his effortless charisma and charming smile made him a hit with audiences. Right after the show aired, “You Send Me” reached number one on the Billboard Top 100, displaying just how successful his performance was.

Later in the show, Ed brought Sam onstage and apologized to him and the audience saying, “I did wrong one night here on our stage. And I never received so much mail in my life!” Sam, now dressed in a tuxedo, sang his rendition of “(I Love You) For Sentimental Reasons,” an R&B classic sung most famously by Sullivan show regular Nat “King” Cole in 1946. Ed Sullivan had always been a supporter of the civil rights movement, bringing on African-American artists like Nat “King” Cole before anyone else in the industry was. But while Cole had always been a very “safe” act, Cooke was pushing the envelope in regards to race and music. Cooke combined the smooth crooning style of past greats like Bing Crosby and Frank Sinatra with a soulful tone that many in Sullivan’s audience hadn’t previously heard.

In his tragically short life, Cooke made only a few television appearances, and The Ed Sullivan Show performance is one of the only ones that still exist. It proved once again that Sullivan was a reliable ally of the civil rights movement, and jumpstarted Cooke’s career as a pioneer of the “Soul” genre. Cooke’s musical style had a massive influence on the creation of Motown and on artists like Marvin Gaye and Stevie Wonder. Sam Cooke also went on to become an important leader in the civil rights movement because of politically-conscious songs like “A Change is Gonna Come,” released after his controversial death at the age of 33. But Cooke had the platform to speak out about the issues of his day only because of his early commercial success and fame. And for that, he has The Ed Sullivan Show to thank.

In his book “Dream Boogie: The Triumph of Sam Cooke”, Peter Guralnick writes that Sam’s music “still sounds as fresh, as elegant, as full of mirth, sadness and surprise as when it first emerged, translating somehow across the ages in ways that have little to do with calculation or fashion and everything to do with spontaneity of feeling, with a kind of purity of soul.”

Credit goes to respective Author

SEX SCENE IN KEMET

Sex scene in Kemet (Ancient Egypt): You will never see any human having sex with animals because the people of Kemet (Ancient Egyptians) believed in marriage between a man and a woman, considering it a sacred union central to their culture.

That's why Africans marry many as far as they can take care of them. The human race came from Africa. White are African who made expedition to the land of cold with time and season their body change to fit the weather.

Some say the reason why the white have sex with animals is because during the expedition the females the went with them are few since they are cooks and nurses cleaners and healer.

With time those in authority were the only ones having access to women, so the rest find their way. Some had sex with the same sex just like prisons while others have sex with animals. 

So yes the Indian whites etc all came out of Africa and are blacks. They just adopt to the surrounding they found themselves.

Africans and Blacks are the Originals that's why when a black sex you, you can never forget the moment. But when an African sex you, you will be addicted to it and will always go back for me.

We are the originals.

PAUL LAURENCE DUNBAR

February 9, 1906: Paul Laurence Dunbar died from Tuberculosis at the age of 33. He was interred in the Woodland Cemetery in his hometown of Dayton, Ohio. Paul Laurence Dunbar was a poet, novelist, and playwright of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Much of his popular work in his lifetime used a Negro dialect, which helped him become one of the 1st nationally-accepted African-American writers. Much of his writing, however, does not use dialect; these more traditional poems have become of greater interest to scholars.

LEGACY: Dunbar became the 1st African-American poet to earn nation-wide distinction and acceptance. The New York Times called him "a true singer of the people — white or Black."

In his preface to The Book of American Negro Poetry (1931) writer and activist James Weldon Johnson criticized Dunbar''''s dialect poems for fostering stereotypes of Blacks people as comical or pathetic and reinforcing the restriction that Black people only write scenes of plantation life.

Writer Maya Angelou called her autobiographical book I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969) after a line from Dunbar''''s poem "Sympathy" at the suggestion of jazz musician and activist Abbey Lincoln.

Angelou named Dunbar an inspiration for her "writing ambition" and uses his imagery of a caged bird like a chained slave throughout much of her writings.

In 2002, Molefi Kete Asante listed Paul Laurence Dunbar on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans.

Dunbar''''s vaudeville song "Who Dat Say Chicken in Dis Crowd" influenced the development of "Who dat? Who dat? Who dat say gonna beat dem Saints?", the New Orleans Saints'''' chant.

INSPIRING STORY OF THE ORIGINAL KING OF DANCEHALL: YELLOW MAN

YELLOMAN was born Winston Foster on January 15, 1956 in Jamaica.

Since that time being albino was associated with superstition  and badluck, his parents abandoned him the day he was born and he was raised in an orphanage home.

Up to now he doesn't know who were his parents. (Not sure where the name Foster came from).

As a person with albinism, he was mocked and ridiculed growing up and he was given the name "Yellowman" as a way of degrading him.

He turned to music as his only hope and when he started making a name with music.... he decided to use the name "Yellowman" although it was the name that people were using to mock him.

Back then calling someone "Yellowman" was mockery of highest level. 

Yellowman became the first Jamaican to be signed by an international music label.... Columbian Sounds .. 

He was the first Dancehall artist to be nominated for Grammy awards and the first dancehall artist to perform outside Jamaica. 

While enjoying his success, in 1986 he was diagnosed with Cancer which mostly affected his jaws. Doctors told him he had 6 months to live. 

An operation was done on his jaws and this deformed his face (as shown in the photo)

He conquered cancer and relaunched his music career and released many successful albums. 

He is married and his first daughter Kreem got married recently (as shown in the photos).

He is 69 years old and is believed to be the King of Dancehall up to now.

From being an orphan, dealing with social abuses due to his skin condition.... to fighting cancer....and becoming a global star.... Yellowman's perseverance indicates the qualities of a king.

KING YELLOW

ALICIA AUGELLO COOK

Alicia Augello Cook (born January 25, 1981), known by the pseudonym Alicia Keys, is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, and actress. Keys released her debut album with J Records, having had previous record deals first with Columbia and then Arista Records. Keys' debut album, Songs in A Minor, was a commercial success, selling over 12 million copies worldwide. She became the best-selling new artist and best-selling R&B artist of 2001. The album earned Keys five Grammy Awards in 2002, including Best New Artist and Song of the Year for "Fallin'" becoming the second American recording artist to win five Grammys in one night. Her second studio album, The Diary of Alicia Keys, was released in 2003 and was also another success worldwide, selling eight million copies. The album garnered her an additional four Grammy Awards in 2005. Later that year, she released her first live album, Unplugged, which debuted at number one in the United States. She became the first female to have an MTV Unplugged album to debut at number one and the highest since Nirvana in 1994.

Happy birthday Alicia Keys!

MICHAEL JACKSON AND DIANA ROSS

Michael Jackson and Diana Ross shared a special bond that went beyond their music careers. Diana Ross, a Motown legend, played a significant role in Michael’s early life and career. She mentored him when he was a young member of the Jackson 5, helping to shape his incredible talent.

Their relationship was not just professional; they had a deep personal connection. Michael often referred to Diana as a mother figure and close friend. He admired her elegance, talent, and kindness. Diana, in turn, saw Michael as a dear friend and protege, always supporting him throughout his life.

One touching moment that fans remember is when Michael inducted Diana into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988. He expressed his admiration and gratitude for her influence on his life and career.

Their friendship remains a beautiful example of mutual respect and love between two iconic artists.

#MichaelJackson #DianaRoss #Friendship #MusicLegends #Inspiration

GEORGE BENSON

Born on March 22, 1943, George Benson is a virtuoso guitarist and jazz singer celebrated for his remarkable fusion of jazz, R&B, and pop. His groundbreaking work on albums like Breezin' and Give Me the Night showcases his incredible technique and smooth vocal style, blending intricate guitar solos with his distinctive, soulful voice. Hits like “This Masquerade” and “On Broadway” highlight his ability to seamlessly bridge genres and captivate audiences with both his guitar prowess and engaging performances.

Beyond his solo career, Benson has collaborated with a wide array of artists and contributed significantly to the development of contemporary jazz and smooth jazz. His innovative approach to guitar playing and his ability to cross musical boundaries have made him a revered figure in jazz and beyond. George Benson’s legacy is defined by his extraordinary musicianship and his influential contributions to modern jazz and popular music.

#GeorgeBenson #JazzLegend #GuitarVirtuoso #SmoothJazz #MusicIcon

MEET MAMA EKUNDAYO - THE WOMAN WHO OPENED HER DOORS TO OVER 500 ORPHANS AND ABANDONED CHILDREN 🇳🇬

Popularly known as  the Mother Theresa of Africa, Mama Janet Ekundayo  dedicated her life to taking care of orphans.

She projected the meaning of her name, “Ekundayo,” which is translated to mean, “(my) tears has turned to joy.”

Mama Ekundayo had five biological children of her own but that did not stop her from adopting others because of her love for children. Mama Ekundayo enjoyed the company of children and so taking care of them came naturally to her.

In 1969, Mama Ekundayo decided to dedicate the rest of her life to taking care of orphans and abandoned children. She took in the 469th child by 2007. By the year 2008; she had cared for over 500 children.

Thank you Mama Africa ❤

#Africa