Government and Economy:
* Community banking models – Grain as currency
* Police – Fourth Dynasty evidence
* Postal system – Pharaohs' decrees couriers
* Law – Concept of Ma'at
* Complex segregation of duties - From various Royal Court records.
Warfare:
* Military organization – Old Kingdom units
* Military scribe – Battle recording
* Catapult – Found at Buhen fortress
* Draw bridge – Buhen fortress feature
* Battlements – World's oldest battlements
* Arrowslit – Middle Kingdom forts
* Battering rams – Depicted in tomb
* Siege towers – First Intermediate Period
* Naval ram – Amenhotep I's reign
* Grappling hook – Bronze Age use
* Dagger – Copper or bronze
* Police Dogs – Used by Egyptians
* Encryption – Tomb of Khnumhotep II
* The phalanx - The phalanx was a military formation first used by ancient Egyptians and Asiatic armies, later adopted by the Greeks, characterized by heavily armed infantry soldiers (hoplites) arranged in tightly packed rows. Each soldier's shield protected both themselves and their neighbor, creating a formidable defensive and offensive unit.
Agriculture and Animal Husbandry:
* Diversion dam – Sadd el-Kafara Dam
* Noria – Fourth Century B.C.
* Beekeeping – Recorded around 2600 B.C.
* Horse stable – Pi-Ramesses stables
* Zoo – Hierakonpolis discovery
* Olive cultivation – Egyptian origins
* Ox drawn plough – 2000 B.C. use.
Transport:
* Hulls – Built since 3000 B.C.
* Sail – Predynastic art depictions
* Harbor – Wadi al-Jarf discovery
* Masts – Bipod mast used
* Steering oar – Predecessor to rudder
* Paved road – Near Faiyum discovery
* Rail – Lake Moeris Quarry
Metals, Elements and Materials:
* Mercury – Earliest use 1500 B.C.
* Natron – Used in mummification
* Turquoise – First Dynasty mines
* Wattle and daub – Merimde culture
* Lime mortar – Used in pyramids
* Emerald – New Kingdom mines
* Amethyst – First Egyptian use
* Malachite – Mined since 4000 B.C.
* Electrum – Old Kingdom use.
Medicine:
* Meninges – Discovered in Egypt
* Cerebrospinal fluid – Early knowledge
* Paralysis – Documented symptoms
* Urinary incontinence – Ebers Papyrus
* Anatomy – Detailed in papyri
* Circulatory system – Ebers Papyrus
* Cataract surgery – Fifth Dynasty depiction
* Cancer – Edwin Smith Papyrus
* Diabetes – Ebers Papyrus recommendation
* Dracunculiasis – Treatment described
* Crutch – Used in ancient Egypt
* Hysteria – Recorded in papyri
* Hematuria – Known Bilharzia symptom
* Colorectal surgery – Chester Beatty. Papyrus
Inventions:
* Poultice – Ancient medical practice
* Splint – Used for fractures
* Bandage – Adhesive and honey use
* Prosthesis – Wooden toe evidence
* Intramedullary rod – Found in mummy
* Cauterization – Described in papyrus
* Toothpaste – Used since 5000 B.C.
* Breath mint – Ancient Egyptian invention
* Tampon – Papyrus Ebers reference.
Innovations:
* Gynaecology – Kahun Papyrus treatments
* Pregnancy test – Urine and grain method
* Birth control – Honey and acacia
* Rhinoplasty – Edwin Smith Papyrus
* Surgical suture – Found in mummies
* Ophthalmology – Ebers Papyrus section.
Mathematics:
* Numeral system – Ivory labels evidence
* Binary – Rhind Papyrus method
* Fraction – Egyptian fractions use
* Quadratic equation – Berlin Papyrus
* Exponentiation – Powers of two
* Regula falsi – False position technique
* Square root – Inverse proportion method
* 0 – Symbol in accounting texts
* Mathematical symbols – Hieroglyphic signs
* Pi – Pyramid measurements
* Golden number – Used in designs
* Arithmetic progression – Rhind Papyrus
* Geometric mean – Rhind Papyrus problem
* Conversion of units – Rhind Papyrus
* Seked – Proportional slope measure
* Trigonometry – Pyramid construction use
* Red auxiliary number – Arithmetic aids.
Areas and Volumes:
* Area of Triangle – Rhind Papyrus problem
* Area of Trapezoid – Rhind Papyrus problem
* Surface area of Sphere – Moscow Papyrus
* Volume of Cylinder – Rhind Papyrus
* Volume of Prism – Rhind Papyrus problem
* Volume of Pyramid – Rhind Papyrus problem
* Volume of Frustum – Moscow Papyrus.
Measurement:
* System of measurement – Early dynastic period
* Length – Recorded in Palermo stone
* Curve measurement – Step Pyramid diagram
Engineering Inventions or Discoveries by Ancient Egyptians (prior to 334 BC):
* Pyramid construction techniques - Massive stone blocks precisely placed.
* Obelisk quarrying and transportation - Monolithic stones erected vertically.
* Papyrus-based writing material - Thin paper-like writing surfaces.
* Water clock (clepsydra) - Time measurement using water flow.
* Shaduf (irrigation device) - Manual water-lifting mechanism.
* Copper piping - Early plumbing systems for water.
* Complex stone cutting - Precision cutting of hard stones.
* Arch bridges - Curved structure spanning obstacles.
* Solar calendars - Solar-based timekeeping systems.
* Stone masonry tools - Tools for shaping and placing stones.
* Mummification techniques - Preservation of human bodies.
* Dental drills - Early tools for dental procedures.
* Lighthouse at Pharos - Guiding structures for navigation.
* Construction ramps - Ramps used in building pyramids.
* Construction art - such as Cliff face and wall face artwork
Areas of Philosophy Pioneered by Ancient Egyptians (prior to 334 BC):
* Maat (justice, truth, harmony) - Central moral and ethical concept.
* Concept of the afterlife - Detailed beliefs on life after death.
* The concept of reincarnation.
* Cosmology - Understanding the universe's structure.
* Divine kingship - Kings as gods on earth.
* Ethics and morality - Guidelines for righteous living.
* Human soul's nature - Components like Ka and Ba.
* Mythology - Creation stories and gods' roles.
* Hieroglyphic writing - Symbolic representation of ideas.
* Medicine and healing - Holistic approach to health.
* Sacred geometry - Mystical significance of shapes.
* Astrology and astronomy - Study of stars and their influence, applying the motion of stars to concept of fate, governance and societal order.
* Spiritual purification - Rituals for soul cleansing.
* Political philosophy - Governance and social order.
* Philosophy of art - Symbolism in art and architecture.