Ethiopia has been inhabited since before prehistoric times. Ethiopia and Eritrea played crucial roles in human dispersal into Eurasia and trade during the Middle Stone Age (MSA) and Late Stone Age (LSA), with archaeological records spanning from approximately 300,000 years ago to 10,000 years ago. These regions served as key migration corridors for early humans, with sites like Omo Kibish in southern Ethiopia and Herto in the Afar region yielding some of the oldest known human fossils, dating back over 160,000 years. The highlands and Rift Valley acted as refuges during climatic shifts, offering stable environments that supported human populations during arid periods. This geography provided routes for human migration across Africa and into the Arabian Peninsula and beyond, facilitating dispersal into Eurasia.
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