When people talk about America's victory in World War II, they often remember the soldiers who fought on the battlefield, the generals who commanded armies, and the famous white women known as "Rosie the Riveter."
But there is another chapter of American history that deserves far more recognition.
Hundreds of thousands of Black American women helped keep the American war machine running during World War II.
While millions of American men were sent overseas to fight, Black women entered factories, shipyards, aircraft plants, ammunition facilities and government offices. They welded ships, assembled aircraft components, manufactured explosives, processed military payrolls and performed other essential jobs that supported America's military production.
They were often called Black Rosies.
According to historical accounts, approximately 600,000 African American women entered wartime employment during this period. Yet many faced racial discrimination, unequal pay and resistance from employers who were reluctant to hire them.
Here are nine remarkable women whose stories help reveal what Black women contributed to America's wartime industries.
(1). ANNA BLAND — THE SHIPYARD BURNER
Anna Bland worked in the Richmond shipyards in California during World War II.
She was photographed working as a burner on the SS George Washington Carver, a Liberty ship built to transport essential supplies during the war.
Burners used cutting equipment to cut and shape metal components needed in ship construction. Her work was part of the industrial process that helped turn steel into vessels supporting the Allied war effort.
Her photograph, preserved by the Library of Congress and featured by the National Park Service, provides direct visual evidence of Black women's involvement in skilled shipyard work.
(2). RUTH WILSON — THE WOMAN WHO BUILT SHIPS IN PHILADELPHIA
Ruth Wilson left domestic service to take a job at the Philadelphia Navy Yard.
She became a sheet-metal worker, assembling ship bulkheads at the yard's dry dock.
Her contribution was important because bulkheads are structural partitions that help divide a ship into compartments and improve its strength and safety.
Wilson later recalled how proud she felt contributing to the war effort while her husband was serving in Europe.
She also spoke about the better wages she earned compared with domestic work.
Her experience demonstrates how wartime employment opened new economic opportunities for Black women.
(3). SUSAN KING — THE AIRCRAFT FACTORY RIVETER
Susan King left her family's home in Lancaster County, Virginia, and moved into wartime industrial employment in Baltimore.
She enrolled in a training programme to learn riveting and eventually secured a job making small components for aircraft.
She worked in the aircraft industry for approximately one year.
Riveting was an essential manufacturing process because aircraft required securely fastened metal components to withstand the stresses of flight.
King's story is a reminder that the planes supporting American military operations were not produced by men alone.
(4). WILLIE MAE GOVAN — THE WOMAN WHO HELPED MANUFACTURE GUNPOWDER
Willie Mae Govan was one of three Black women employed in making gunpowder for the E.I. du Pont Corporation in Childersburg, Alabama.
Her work placed her inside an important part of the wartime explosives industry.
Gunpowder and other explosive materials were essential to ammunition and military operations.
However, her experience also exposed the harsh realities Black women faced in wartime factories. She later described sexual harassment by white male supervisors and the difficult working conditions she endured.
Her story reminds us that contributing to America's war effort did not mean Black women were treated with dignity or equality.
(5). FRANCES ALBRIER — THE WOMAN WHO CHALLENGED RACIAL BARRIERS IN THE SHIPYARDS
Frances Albrier was a civil rights activist who fought to gain access to wartime industrial employment.
She trained as a welder and applied for work at the Kaiser shipyards in Richmond, California.
Initially, racial discrimination and union restrictions stood in her way.
Instead of accepting rejection, Albrier challenged the barriers and invoked President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Executive Order 8802, which prohibited racial discrimination in defense employment.
In 1942, she secured employment as a welder at Kaiser.
Her story demonstrates that Black women were not simply waiting for opportunities. Many actively fought to enter industries that had previously excluded them.
(6). TINA HILL — THE WOMAN WHO ENTERED THE AIRCRAFT INDUSTRY
Tina Hill worked at North American Aircraft in Los Angeles during World War II.
Her experience reflected the transformation taking place across America's aircraft manufacturing industry as women entered jobs previously dominated by men.
The aircraft industry needed enormous numbers of workers to produce military planes, and Black women were part of that workforce.
Hill later reflected on how wartime employment improved her family's economic circumstances.
Her experience illustrates how the war created opportunities that many Black women had struggled to access before 1941.
(7). FAITH McALLISTER — THE BLACK WOMAN WHO WORKED IN THE SHIPYARDS
Faith McAllister was a Black shipyard worker who moved from Louisiana to pursue wartime employment.
Her experience is particularly important because Black women entering industrial employment often had to overcome racial discrimination even after reaching places where workers were desperately needed.
McAllister spoke about the discrimination she experienced, but also recognised that industrial employment provided an opportunity to earn wages outside the limited occupations traditionally available to many Black women.
Her story represents the thousands of women whose contributions were essential but whose names rarely appeared in popular accounts of the war.
(8). BERNICE BOWMAN — THE WOMAN WHO KEPT MILITARY RECORDS MOVING
Bernice Bowman worked as a clerk-typist at the United States General Accounting Office during World War II.
Her job involved administrative work supporting the government's wartime operations.
Military production and military operations depended on more than weapons and machinery. They also required accurate records, financial documentation, correspondence and administrative coordination.
Bowman later recalled that while white colleagues received promotions, she was repeatedly denied opportunities for advancement.
Her experience highlights another important reality: Black women contributed to the war effort in offices as well as factories, yet discrimination followed them into government employment.
(9). HILDA McDOUGALD — THE WOMAN WHO PROCESSED PAYROLL FOR AMERICAN SOLDIERS
Hilda McDougald left her family's home in Mansura, Louisiana, and moved to Washington, D.C., during the war.
Her work involved processing payroll for American soldiers.
Although she was not a factory worker, her contribution was part of the administrative machinery that supported the American military.
Soldiers needed to be paid, records needed to be maintained, and government offices needed reliable workers to keep essential wartime operations functioning.
Her story is an important reminder that the American war effort depended on thousands of workers whose contributions happened far from the battlefield.
THE UNTOLD STRUGGLE BEHIND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS
These nine women represent only a small part of a much larger story.
Black women entered America's wartime economy at a time when racial segregation and discrimination were deeply embedded in American society.
Many had previously worked as domestic servants, cooks, cleaners, agricultural labourers and sharecroppers.
When World War II created an enormous demand for industrial workers, they sought opportunities in factories and shipyards.
However, many employers initially refused to hire them, while some unions excluded Black workers from membership.
In 1941, civil rights leader A. Philip Randolph and activist Mary McLeod Bethune helped bring employment discrimination to President Franklin D. Roosevelt's attention.
On June 25, 1941, Roosevelt signed Executive Order 8802, prohibiting racial discrimination in defence employment and establishing the Fair Employment Practice Committee to investigate discrimination.
This was a major development in the struggle for equal employment opportunities.
Black women were also part of the broader Double V Campaign: victory against fascism abroad and victory against racial discrimination at home.
They were helping America fight for freedom overseas while demanding greater freedom and equality within their own country.
THEIR LEGACY
After the war, many women faced pressure to leave their industrial jobs as returning servicemen sought employment.
Nevertheless, their wartime experiences had changed their expectations, skills, economic opportunities and understanding of what they could accomplish.
They had demonstrated that Black women could operate machinery, construct ships, manufacture aircraft components, produce explosives and perform demanding technical and administrative work.
They were not merely helping America survive a war.
They were challenging the racial and gender barriers that had restricted generations of American women.
Today, when we celebrate Rosie the Riveter, we must also remember the Black Rosies whose contributions were frequently overlooked.
They worked in the factories. They helped build the ships. They manufactured the materials of war. And they helped keep America's wartime economy moving.
Their names deserve a permanent place in American history.
BLACK HISTORY IS AMERICAN HISTORY! 🇺🇸
