The transition from the Stone Age to the Bronze and Iron Ages occurred at different times across regions due to varying environmental conditions, resource availability, and cultural developments. In Africa, ironworking emerged independently in regions like Nigeria around 2300-2000 BCE, revolutionizing agriculture, warfare, and trade. It spread north to the Nok civilization during the 2nd millennium BCE. China's Bronze Age began around 2000 BCE with the Shang Dynasty, facilitated by fertile lands and copper/tin deposits. India's Indus Valley Civilization marked an early Bronze Age civilization around 3300 BCE.
The Iron Age arrived later in some regions like Mali around 500 BCE due to resource scarcity. Environmental factors like glaciers, floods, and climate fluctuations influenced habitable zones and migration patterns. Cultural exchanges and technological innovations propelled the spread of metalworking skills. This diverse timeline highlights how geological chance, resource distribution, and human adaptability shaped the pace of technological advancement in ancient societies.
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