Greatest Battles In The History Of Cyprus

Cyprus has had a history of warfare dating back to the time of the Ancient Greek dominance in the Mediterranean world. The Greeks fought against Persians and Turks in the course of their war history. With aid from the Egyptians, the Athenians fought for the Union of Greece with Cyprus, for the freedom of the Cypriots, and to bring an end to the Greek-Persian wars. In some of the wars Empires were born, while in others massive destruction was evident. Strategies employed defined the outcome of the battles and sometimes small armies relying on war strategy won against massive troops relying on numbers and might.

Battle of Salamis, 451 BC

Around this period, Athens had made a truce with Sparta, and for years the Athenians had been allied with the Egyptians against the Persians. Cimon, with 200 triremes of the Confederacy, sailed to Cyprus, sending 60 Ships to the Nile Delta to aid Amyrtaeos, the Egyptian Prince in the fight against the Persians, Cimon matched to Cyprus with the rest to join the Cypriot Greek and laid siege to Citium. When Cimon died in the assault, Anaxicrates took command and matched to Salamis where he engaged the Phoenician and Cilicians. In Salamis, the Greek gained victory on both the sea and land. The victory brought an end to the Greco-Persian Wars.

Battle of Actium, September 2nd, 31 BC

The Battle of Actium was a remarkable event. On September 2nd, 31 BC, the fleets of Mark Antony and Cleopatra met Octavian’s fleet just outside of the Gulf of Actium. Antony, who was a war genius and commander of the armies of Julius Caesar, had large ships built primarily for sinking and ramming enemy vessels. However, a Malaria outbreak resulted in his 500 ships and 70,000 troops undermanned. Octavian 400 ships were small and fully manned with 80,000 healthy men. Quintus Dellius, a general of Antony, sided with Octavian. Octavian won after destroying more than 5000 men and 300 ships while Cleopatra and Antony's ships escaped the war for the open ocean. Shortly afterward, Octavian had Caesarion, Cleopatra’s son, murdered, and annexed Egypt into the Roman Empire. Three years later, Octavian declared himself Emperor Augustus Caesar of the Roman Empire.

Battle of Spilia, December 12th, 1955

The Battle of Spilia, fought on December 12, 1955, was the greatest friendly fire incident in the history of Cyprus. The British army wanted to end the campaigns for the Union of Greece and Cyprus. An informant snitched on the location of the EOKA. So when the 700 soldiers attempted to encircle the guerrilla headquarters, General Grivas divided his troops into two one led by himself to fight the units coming from the north and the other led by Grigoris Afxentiou to fight those ascending from the south. The EOKA engaged the British at the summit for a while before escaping West under cover of a dense fog. The enemy troops soon reached the summit and unable to see clearly opened fire at each other for eight hours. There were 250 casualties 127 British soldiers dead, 102 injured, and 21 missing. The EOKA victory was significant since it formed a basis for the independence of Cyprus 5 years later.

Battle of Tillyria, August of 1964

The fight took place in Kokkina. In the wake of events leading up to 1964, the Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots engaged in intense confrontations over the control of a strategic location on the region’s major highway. On August 6th, a Greek army led by George Grivas attacked and surrounded Kokkina. The Turks and other civilians were forced to evict and retreat to a narrow beachhead. A massive artillery barrage of the beachhead hit the village causing more casualties and extensive damage. The Turks managed to hold the base in the beachhead until August 8th when Turkey intervened with aerial assaults on civilians and military personnel alike. The Turks bombed a nearby hospital killing many and inducing horrific injuries to others. The attack was so intense that the UN council intervened. The Soviet Union stopped the annihilation by threatening to attack the Turks with their state of the art of weapons. The President of Cyprus promised to destroy every Turkish Cypriot Village in the country if the air raids did not cease. On August 9, 1964, Turkey ceased fire, and UNFICYP forces deployed to the area. Ever since the village heavily tarnished and damaged by the war has been a memorial ground.

A Heritage of War

Cyprus, as noted, has brushed shoulders with many enemies in the course of its history. From the Romans, the Turks, to their greatest ancient enemies, the Persians, the Cypriots have for long fought. When time called for confederacies, the Cypriots joined forces with allies that had their enemies as their enemies. After all, the enemy of my enemy is my friend. However, the battles did prove beneficial to the Cypriot Greeks course. Most of the battles brought an end to the oppression brought forth by their rulers or adversaries. Even so, some, such as the Battle of Tillyria, were so severe that healing would take a long time.

Greatest Battles in the History of Cyprus Date

Siege of Kition 451 BC

Battle of Salamis-in-Cyprus 451 BC
Battle of Actium September 2nd, 31 BC
Battle of Agridi June 15th, 1232
Battle of Lepanto October 7th, 1571
Battle of Spilia December 12th, 1955
Battle of Tillyria August of 1964
Battle of Pentemili Beachhead July of 1974

By Benjamin Elisha Sawe

•culled from www.worldatlas.com

Where Is The Island of Cyprus?

The Eastern Mediterranean island of Cyprus covers 3,600 square miles offshore from Syria and Turkey.

One of the most picturesque islands in the Mediterranean sea, Cyprus has carved out a niche role for itself over the centuries, serving as a vibrant trade hub, and a haven of peace, nestled between the turbulent Middle East and mainland Europe.

Description

The 3,572 miles square island of Cyprus is in the north eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea, and south of Turkey . It’s the largest island in eastern Mediterranean, and the third smallest European Union country after Malta and Luxembourg. Nicosia the capital is at the center of the island of Cyprus in the Mesaoria Plain towards the northern side. The capital is surrounded by the five-fingered mountain of Kyrenia, and is situated along the banks of the River Pedieos. According to 2014 data from the World Bank, the island of Cyprus has an estimated population of 1.154 million. Majority of the population comprises of Turkish and Greek Cypriot communities. According to the Cyprus University of Technology 78 percent of Greek Cypriots belong to the self governing Orthodox Church of Cyprus, while 18 percent of Turkish Cypriots are Muslims, the rest like the Maronites and Armenian Apostolic make up 4 percent.

Historical Role

Several faraway autocratic rules, including the Venetians, Franks, and Byzantines, ruled the Island of Cyprus through the ages, as did the mainland Greeks. After the Ottoman Turks conquered the island in 1571, they ruled it until 1878, according to the Foreign Affairs Ministry of Turkey, in a peaceful period regardless of the ethnicity, religion, language and culture disparities there. The Turks allowed all religions to self govern and thrive, on condition they adhered to the Sultan’s orders. As a result, the leader of the Church of Cypriot had authority to collect taxes from his followers according to Country Studies. When the Mycenaean-Achaean Greeks settled in the Island of Cyprus between 13 th to 11 th Centuries BC, the Island got its first Greek alphabetic character. Historically due to its neutrality and peace during international conflicts, the island of Cyprus has led it to become a wealthy, and vibrant Mediterranean trade hub.

Modern Significance

Tourism, contributes one of the largest fiscal shares to the Island of Cyprus economy. According to a report by the auditing firm KPMG, for five years until 2015, there were on average 2,315 million tourists to the island. They flock to tourism districts such as Famagusta, Paphos, Limassol, Larnaca, and the capital Nicosia. The island of Cyprus’ beaches also have the most concentration of Blue Flag certified beaches per capital in the world. Within Europe, the country is also a major maritime hub. It has the tenth largest merchant fleet in the world, and third largest fleet in the European Union. According to Cyprus Profile, there are 1,100 ocean going vessels, and 767 nontraditional size vessels that carry about 22 million metric tons. Other sectors like agriculture and manufacturing, contribute 1.9 percent and 5 percent respectively to the country’s GDP, according to Country Profile.

Habitat and Biodiversity

The Island of Cyprus has Mediterranean climate. It’s characterized by hot summers from mid-May to mid-September, and rainy and changeable winters, from November to mid-March, separated by short autumns, and spring seasons of rapidly changing, weather patterns. The islands have more sun than most European countries, and during winter there are on average 4 hours of bright sunshine according to Cyprus Meteorological department. This climate sustains the Mediterranean flora and diverse animal species there. According to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) there are about 2000 plant species of which 143 are endemic. Some of the trees at the island are the endangered Cyprus cedar and oak, black pine and oak forests, juniper and cypress woodlands and wild olive, carob, and jujube lotus shrubs, according to World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). There are 36 mammal species, 380 bird species, 22 reptile species, 3 amphibian species, 200 fish species and over 5,000 insect species. The rare wild Cyprus Moufflon sheep, bats, seal, and dolphin are mammals found at the Island of Cyprus.

Environmental Threats and Territorial Disputes
Habitat degradation at the island of Cyprus has left only 18 percent of it, covered by original habitat according to WWF. Urbanization, infrastructure development like roads, forest to pasture conversion, and forest fires have contributed to habitat loss, and ecological imbalance in the island. As such, it’s a biodiversity hotspot according to IUCN, due to the endemic flora, and fauna there. Practices like land clearing and crop terracing, have destroyed most of the deciduous oak forest. Demand for timber has also left cedar and black pine forests and juniper tree populations, decimated. Over the years much of the initially forested areas are now degraded shrub land, due to overgrazing, and fires set to trigger fresh grassland growth. During the 19 th Century, the goat population in the Island of Cyprus was higher than any other in the Mediterranean, which is no longer the case in modern day according to WWF.

By James Karuga

•culled from www.worldatlas.com

The Culture Of Cyprus

The culture of Cyprus is a blend of many cultures, especially Greek and Turkish cultures.

The Mediterranean island of Cyprus has a culture that is a blend of many cultures. The Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots, the two main ethnic communities of Cyprus, share many cultural aspects together but also have several differences. In both communities, good hospitality is highly valued. Both love to celebrate special occasions with music, dance, and other performances. They also share many traditional foods and beverages. However, the Greek and Turkish Cypriots have distinct religious cultures.

Ethnicity, Language, And Religion

The island of Cyprus is home to an estimated population of around 1,170,125 individuals. Around 78% of the population comprises of Greek Cypriots while Turkish Cypriots account for 18% of the population. Greek and Turkish are the official languages of Cyprus. English, Romanian, Russian, Bulgarian, Filipino, and other languages are also spoken. The Greek Cypriots are mostly Orthodox Christians while the Turkish Cypriots are traditionally Sunni Muslims.

Cuisine

The cuisine of Cyprus is heavily influenced by Greek and Turkish culinary traditions. French, Byzantine, Ottoman, Italian, Middle Eastern, and Catalan cuisines also helped shape the Cypriot cuisine.

The food tastes of the medieval-era French Lusignan monarchs of Cyprus led to the development of a courtly Cypriot cuisine that fuses French, Middle Eastern, and Byzantine cuisines. The Lusignan kings imported cooks from Syria to work in their royal kitchens. They helped invent the fusion dishes. In fact, Middle Eastern cuisine reached France and other Western European nations through Cyprus.

Today, Cypriot cuisine indulges heavily in seafood like sea bass, octopus, squid, red mullet, etc. Some of the most commonly used vegetables include tomatoes, okra, carrots, lettuce, cucumber, potatoes, cauliflower, taro, beets, and asparagus. A variety of pulses are also consumed like broad beans, lentils, chick-peas, peas, etc. Dried or smoked meat, charcoal-grilled lamb, mesentery-wrapped minced meat, etc., are some popular non-vegetarian dishes on the island. Bread and bulgur are the major sources of carbohydrates in the cuisine. Cypriots also eat a variety of fresh fruits like apples, pears, grapes, figs, melon, lemon, almond, etc. Some of the most well-known desserts are Soutzoukos and lokum.

Literature And The Arts

The Cypriot literature is found primarily in Greek, Turkish, and English. The Island has a long literary history dating back to at least the 7th century when Cypria, an epic poem was composed by Stasinus. Cyprus also finds mention in ancient Christian literature like the Acts of the Apostles. In the Middle Ages, the laws of the Kingdom of Cyprus were written in the local dialect and French. It was named the Assizes of Jerusalem and is one of the medieval world’s largest written account of law. Many historical works were also written in Cyprus during the medieval period like the chronicles of Leontios Makhairas. A large part of Shakespeare’s play Othello is staged in Venetian Cyprus. The island continues to produce many notable writers and poets to date. The local dialect is used for producing works involving folk songs and poetry. The culture and scenic beauty of Cyprus have also influenced many non-native writers like Lawrence Durrell to produce literary works during their stay in the country.

The history of art in Cyprus goes as far back as 10,000 years when carved figures of the Chalcolithic period were discovered on the island. During the Middle Ages, the island was well-known for religious icon painting. Church paintings from this period are also noteworthy. Two of the most influential Cypriot painters of the 20th century were Adamantios Diamantis and Christopheros Savva. The country has several art schools like Cyprus College of Art, University of Nicosia, etc., to train the budding artists and painters. Many of the most talented Cypriot artists have received their training in London.

Performance Arts

Music, dancing, songs, and poetry are integral to the culture of Cyprus. The folk music scene of the island is influenced by Greek, Turkish, and Arabic Music. It uses instruments like lute, accordion, violin, flute, and oud. Tatsia, sousta, karsilamas, syrtos, etc., are some of the folk dances of the island. Chattista is a form of musical poetry that is popular among the Islanders and is performed during many traditional ceremonies and feasts. In recent times, Cypriot rap, urban, and rock music have gained popularity, especially among urban youth. The Greek Laïka scene has a major impact on the island’s popular music. Cyprus also has a significant metal following.

Sports

A variety of sports are played in Cyprus including football, volleyball, automobile racing, badminton, cricket, rugby, etc. The island has several large stadiums like the GSP Stadium, Tsirion Stadium, Ammochostos Stadium, and others that serve as the venues of various national and international sports events. The country’s athletes also participate in the Olympic Games. Sailor Pavlos Kontides won the first Olympic medal, a silver medal, for Cyprus in the Men’s Laser class during the 2012 Summer Olympics. Cyprus’ national rugby team has earned several international accolades. Tennis player Marcos Baghdatis, high jumper Kyriakos Ioannou, and race car driver Tio Ellinas are Cypriots who have performed exceptionally well in their respective fields of sports.

Life In Cypriot Society

The traditional Cypriot society is strongly patriarchal in nature but the current trend is towards the establishment of a more gender-equal society. Very few women enter politics in Cyprus and hardly any can become religious functionaries. Although the number of women in the workforce has been increasing over the years, a large section of the employed women hold jobs of lesser status or lower pay or both than men. For working women, the burden is greater as they are also expected to manage the household duties and children, unlike working men. In the elite classes of Cyprus, however, working couples can afford to hire female workers from Asian nations for home-keeping and childcare duties.

Most people in Cyprus marry. Arranged marriages were common in the past but now, most marriages are based on a couple’s choice. However, parents still have an important say in marital choices. They also consider it a responsibility to ensure that the newlywed couple has the proper resources like a place to stay after marriage. Most households are nuclear in nature but couples maintain strong ties with their parents and extended family members.

Children are highly valued in Cypriot society. Many couples favor having two children. Quality education for a child is considered extremely important and parents go to great lengths to provide the best possible education to their children. Parents start saving early to fulfill this goal.

The Cypriots are social and friendly people. Personal space is not rigidly maintained in Cypriot society. Daily exchanges like greetings take place casually. Since societies are small on the island, people tend to many people they meet on the streets. Thus, foreign visitors often comment about Cyprus being a place where "everyone knows each other.”

By Oishimaya Sen Nag

•culled from www.worldatlas.com

What are the Historical Regions of Croatia?

The historical regions of Croatia consist of Croatia proper, Dalmatia, Slavonia, and Istria.

The Republic of Croatia is situated between Central and Southeastern Europe. It covers an area of about 21,851 square miles of which 21,782 square miles is land and the rest of the area is covered by water. In the Middle Ages, Croatia was subdivided into counties, however, the counties were abolished in the 1920s. The counties were reintroduced in 1992 with the country currently subdivided into 20 counties. The counties are further divided into 127 cities and several municipalities. Croatia is also divided into four historical and cultural regions which are further subdivided into other smaller regions. The four regions include Croatia Proper, Dalmatia, Slavonia, and Istria.

4. Croatia proper

Croatia Proper is not legally defined by Croatian law with its borders described differently by different sources. It encompasses the territories around Zagreb, situated between Slavonia and the Adriatic Sea. The area is an important economic region, accounting for about 50% of the country’s GDP. Most of Croatia Proper form part of the Continental Croatia. The region comprises of other smaller regions including Croatian Littoral, Gorski Kotar, Moslavina, and Prigorje among other regions. The region also includes some of the largest rivers flowing in Croatia such as Sava, Drava, and the Kupa. Croatia proper experiences a continental climate with the mean monthly temperature ranging from -30C AND 180C.According to the 2011 census, the ten regions of Croatia Proper including Zagreb had a total population of 2.4 million people, representing 56% of country’s population. The majority of the population lives in the capital Zagreb. The population density in the region is between from 155 to 10 persons per square kilometers. Croats account for the largest portion (92%) the people in Croatia Proper with Serbs accounting for only 3.4%.Croatia Proper is an important economic region, responsible for over 50% of the country’s GDP. The capital Zagreb contributes over 31% of Croatia’s GDP, with the city representing the bulk of the economy of Croatia Proper. The major components of the Zagreb’s economy include wholesale and retail which account for 38% of its economic income. Other important industries include processing, energy, electric power, and natural gas industries. Companies that have their headquarters in Croatia Proper are some of the largest income companies in the country, with 27 of 30 best companies in Croatia based in the region.

3. Dalmatia

The region of Dalmatia derived its name from the Dalmatae tribe, connected to the Illyrian tribe. The word “delme” means “sheep” with the Latin word “Dalmatia” giving rise to the current English name. The region became a Roman province, leading to the emergence of the Romance culture alongside the Dalmatian language which has since been replaced with the Venetian. The Croats arrived in Dalmatia in the 8th century, leading to an intermixing of culture between the Croatians and the Romance culture. Today, Dalmatia is only a historical region, not formally recognized by the Croatian law.The exact extent of Dalmatia is uncertain and is only subject to public perception. It does not only signify geographical unit but also cultural and settlement entities. Most of the region is covered by the Dinaric Alps Mountain ranges. It is often described as a narrow belt on the east shores of the Adriatic Sea, stretching from Rab to Bay of Kotor. It corresponds to four southernmost counties of Croatia including Zadar, Sibenik-Knin, Split-Dalmatia, and Dubrovnik-Neretva counties. The region experiences Mediterranean climate with frosty and snowy winter, and hot and dry summer.Dalmatia has a population of about 858,000 people. The population is culturally subdivided into three groups; the urban families who live mainly in the coastal cities, the Zagora, and the group that has been influenced by the Ottoman Culture. The first two groups are made up of mainly the Venetian and Italians while the latter group is are closely related to the Herzegovinian Croats.

2. Slavonia

Slavonia region covers the eastern part of Croatia, corresponding with counties on the east of the country. The counties that are considered part of Slavonia cover a total area of 4,848 square miles or 22% of the country and have a total population of about 806,000 people. Some of the largest cities in the region include Osijek, Slavonski Brod, and Vincovic. The region was named after the Slavs who inhabited the area and referred to themselves as Slovene. The boundary of the Slavonia region does not coincide with the boundaries of the five counties. The northern boundary coincides with the Drava River while the western boundary is not specifically defined. The region is located on Pannonian Basin, with the entire region belonging to the Danube basin and the Black Sea catchment area.According to the 2011 census, the five counties making up the Slavonia region had a total population of about 806 people or 19% of the total Croatian population. The majority of the people live in Osijek-Baranja. The population density is about 64.2 persons per square kilometer. The Slavonia population has for long been characterized by constant economic migration. The economy of the region is largely wholesale trade and processing industry. The food processing industry plays a significant role in the economy of Slavonia, supporting agricultural production in the area. Agriculture provides raw material not only for the industries in the region but also in Croatia Proper and the neighboring counties.

1. Istria

Istria is located at the head of Adriatic between Trieste Gulf and Kvarner Gulf. The area is covered by the Ucka mountain ridge. The region extends into Croatia, Slovenia, and Italy with the largest portion (89%) lying in Croatia. Istria is divided into two counties with the larger county being Istria County. The northeastern part of the region known as the Slovenian Istria lies in Slovenia. The largest city in Istria is the Pula, situated at the southern end of the peninsula. The region experiences Continental and Oceanic climate, characterized by moderate precipitation.The name “Istria” is derived from the Histri tribe who is credited for building hillfort settlements in the region. Istria has traditionally been ethnically mixed. During the Austrian rule the large population of the region comprised of Italians, Croats, and Slovenes. As per the 2011 census, about 68% of the population was Croats while the rest of the population was Italians, Serbs, Bosniaks, and Albanians. Istro-Romanian community is also an important Istrian community living in the east and north of Istria and parts of Liburnia.

By John Misachi

•culled from www.worldatlas.com

Largest Ethnic Groups In Croatia

The majority of Croatia's population is of Croat ethnic origin.

Demographics

Croatia is an Eastern European country bordering the Adriatic Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. It has a population of 4.28 million people, of which an overwhelming majority are ethnic Croats. The most significant ethnic minority group are the Serbs. Other ethnicities such as Bosniak, Italian, Romani, Albanian and Hungarian each constitute less than 1% of the total population. Many different factors separate the various ethnic groups in Croatia, with religious and political factors having the main influence. For example, Croats are predominantly Roman Catholic while Serbs are Orthodox Christians. All ethnic groups in Croatia speak the regional dialects of Serbo-Croatian and use the Latin alphabet instead of Cyrillic alphabet.

After Yugoslavia's dissolution in 1991, the number of Croats increased from 78% to 91% with a steady decline of the Serb population from 12% to less than 4% of the country’s population. The civil war’s aftermath led to heavy pressure on ethnic Serbs who were forced to leave Croatia or hide their identity and religious affiliation. As a result, the Dalmatian agricultural regions of Kordun and Lika were deserted by ethnic Serbs, who were the main occupants of the region.

Croats

Croats make up the overwhelming majority of the country’s population. They first arrived in present-day Croatia in 7 th Century AD. In the centuries following AD 1000, the Croats came under the rule of Hungarians, Turks, and Austro-Hungarians. In the following decades before 1914, the Croats were dissatisfied with the Hapsburg rule which resulted in unity with the southern Slavs, to form Yugoslavia. After world war I, the Austro-Hungarian monarchy collapsed and the Croatian provinces gained unity and independence. The Croats joined the new Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes along with Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, and Vojvodina. The name of this nation was changed to Yugoslavia in 1929.
Yugoslavia was a communist country between 1945 and 1991, with ethnic Serbs having more political power there during that time period. Due to the dissatisfaction of the Croats and other groups, a referendum on independence from Yugoslavia was held in 1991. Over 97% of Croats voted for independence to form the present day country of Croatia.

The Croats speak Croatian, a language belonging to the Indo-European Family and the South Slavic group of languages therein. Their culture is adapted from various cultures over the centuries, including Hungarian, Venetian, Austrian, Balkan, ancient Mediterranean, ancient Croatian, and Turkish.

Other Ethnic Groups

The Serbs of Croatia constitute the largest ethnic minority group. Since the Middle Ages, Serbs have occupied Croatia but the number has since declined after the 1991–1995 War. They constitute 4.4% of the population, or around 186,633 people. Serbs in Croatia still maintain their traditional cultural practices such as folklore dances ranging from kolo dances and singing. Other ethnic minorities include Italians, Bosniaks, Albanians, Hungarians, Romani, Slovenes, Czechs, Montenegrins, and Macedonians.

Minority groups have special representatives elected to the Croatian parliament. This depends on the historical significance of the group as to be recognized by the constitution of Croatia. For example, Italians in Croatia have a special representative in the parliament, who is elected by the Italian community.

Largest Ethnic Groups In Croatia

Rank Ethnic Group Share of Population of Croatia

1 Croat 90.4%
2 Serb 4.4%
3 Bosniak 0.7%
4 Italian 0.4%
5 Albanian 0.4%
6 Roma/Romani 0.4%
7 Hungarian 0.3%
8 Slovene 0.3%
9 Czech 0.2%
10
11 Montenegrin
Macedonian 0.1%
0.1%

By Andrew Mwaniki

•culled from www.worldatlas.com

The Croatian People - Cultures of the World

Croats have weathered the storms of assimilation pressures and external rule for centuries. Today, they have a nation of their own.

Description

The Croatian people (or Croats) today are located mainly in Croatia, as well as in nearby Bosnia and Herzegovina . Nonetheless, they are also recognized as official minorities in Austria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Montenegro , Romania , Serbia, and Slovakia. The Croatian diaspora can also be found reaching into the United States, Canada, Chile, and Argentina, as well as many Western European countries. The Croatian people is a South Slavic ethnic group with a long history, whose roots can be dated back to the 7th Century. They were originally from Central Europe, Southeast Europe, and the Mediterranean. They speak the Croatian language, which is the official language of Croatia, and one of the official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Architecture

Croatian architecture has a long history, and its evolution can be traced back to its origins in the 7th Century CE. Much of Croatia's constructions bear traces of various dominant European architectural styles. When Croatians first moved to present day Croatia in the 7th Century, they were influenced by Roman art and culture, especially that associated with the rise of Christianity. In the following centuries, grand cities were built along the country's coastlines. The famous Cathedral of St. Anastasia was built in the 13th Century, which reflected growing Gothic influences. Newly built towns in the 14th Century had strong Gothic features as well, characterized by high towers in the shapes of square prisms. During the Renaissance era, Baroque and Rococo styles of buildings and cathedrals were built. In the 19th Century, increased urbanization was accompanied by greater Austrian influences from that period, marked by Romanticism and Historicism. Unlike many other areas, a good deal of the Croatian populace has always lived in urban areas throughout much of the country's history.

Cuisine

Croatian cuisine is very diverse, varying greatly according the nation's different regions. While in coastal regions the cuisine is largely influenced by Roman, Greek, and Mediterranean cuisines, using olive oil, herbs and spieces such as cinnamon, clove, rosemary, sage and bay leaf, cuisine in the mainland regions bear traces of early Slavic influence and, more recently, influences from Hungarian and Turkish cuisine. The latter favor the regular use of lard and such spices as garlic, paprika, and black pepper for cooking. Commonly used ingredients include various kinds of meat, seafood, meat and vegetarian stews, pastas, soups, and cheeses. Famous dishes include bean stew, fish stew, mushroom soup with buckwheat, sausage and potato casserole, and walnut rolls. There are not many dietary restrictions in general, other than those associated with certain Roman Catholic traditions.

Cultural Significance

Croatian culture is unique in its diversity of cultural, geographical, and historical influences. Located in south-central Europe and having a rich historical legacy to its name, Croatian culture has absorbed a diverse array of influences. While the northern plains bear traces of Austria and Hungry, the coastal areas were highly influenced by Roman and Mediterranean cultures, and the central hinterland regions bear influences of Turkish culture. The nation tolerates difference, celebrates integration, and encourages innovation. It does not assume a singular form, but instead embraces its diverse past and envisions an openness between cultures into the future. It adapts to change, but at the same time knows well where it came from. Association football (soccer) is the most popular sport in Croatia, and much of today's Croatian pop music is heavily influenced by past folk music elements. The country has a burgeoning film industry as well, and the people and their government place a high emphasis on education, which is often available at little to no cost, even up to the post-secondary level. The vast majority of Croatians are Roman Catholic, with a notable minority of Eastern Orthodox adherents being found there as well..

Threats

After gaining independent status in 1991, following the disband of former Yugoslavia, Croatians have increasingly developed their own unique identities. Folklore, music, and dance form an integral part of Croatian identity, and are celebrated by Croatian people in general. Also, Croatia has seven sites on the World Heritage List, as well as numerous customs placed on the UNESCO list of Intangible Cultural Heritages. Each of these must be carefully preserved and protected. The state in general places a great deal of emphasis on efforts in preserving Croatian culture and heritage. Although Croatia is a small country surrounded by many world powers, and is by no means a dominant culture, Croatian culture is flourishing and has become an important modern European culture nonetheless.

By Janice Deng

•culled from www.worldatlas.com

Where is Chechnya?

Chechnya is located near the Caspian Sea in Russia.

Where Is Chechnya?

Commonly referred to as the Chechen Republic, Chechnya is one of the 85 federal subjects of Russia. It is located south of Eastern Europe, within 100 km within the Caspian Sea. It borders North Ossetia, Georgia, Dagestan, and Stavropol Krai which are all part of the Russian federal territory. Chechnya was formed in 1993 after a series of wars which led to the Russians taking control of its capital, Grozny and most part of the state. They had no choice but to pledge allegiance to Russia as a subject. The Chechens were allowed to form their own parliament and constitutional court. A Majority of those who live in Chechnya speak Chechen and Russian and the latest estimate of its population is 1,395,678 inhabitants.

The Chechen Wars

Chechnya has had a series of wars in an effort to fight for its own independence. However, their objective has not been met to date. There have been three wars since its origin: The Caucasian Wars and Chechen Wars I and II. The Chechen War was fought between 1994 and 1996. During the war, the Russian forces tried to gain control over Chechnya in vain. In spite of their superior weaponry including tankers, thousands of men, and air support, the Chechen armies defeated the Russians. At the end of this war, in January 1997, parliamentary and presidential elections were held in Chechnya.

President Aslan Mashkhadov won the elections; becoming the first president of Chechnya independent state. A state of emergency was declared in Chechnya by Grozny authorities in 1998. This was followed by the second Chechen War, War of Dagestan, on August 7, 1999. The war was dominated by retaliatory air strikes which killed many civilians. The Russian forces recaptured Grozny and hence the Ichkerian regime fell apart. Since then Chechnya became a Russian federal subject.

Current State Of Affairs In Chechnya

Presently, Chechnya is a stable federal republic. However, the economy has not been promising. In fact, in 2006, the unemployment rate in Chechnya was a whopping 67%. But the rate reduced to 21.5% in 2014. Currently, the country engages in the production of oil as an economic activity. Grozny, which was destroyed during the Chechen Wars, has been renovated. Chechnya also continues to enjoy representation to the Russian Federation Council. They send two representatives to every meeting convened by the council. The current head of Chechnya, who was Russian-appointed, is called Ramzan Kadyrov. His regime has been on the limelight both nationally and internationally for suppressing media as well as human right violations such as torture and kidnappings. The state still experiences minimal separatist movements in form of guerrilla attacks which are organized by the separatist groups. There are also jihadist groups in Chechnya, some of whom are linked to the Islamic terrorist organization. Chechnya still seeks to gain its own independence and therefore continually engages in wars to liberate itself.

By Sharon Omondi

•culled from www.worldatlas.com

Who are the Chechens?

The Chechen people are a group indigenous to eastern Russia.

Who Are The Chechens?

The Chechens are a Caucasian ethnic group which originated from the North Caucasus region, Eastern Europe. They were named after a Russian village referred to as Chechen-Aul. Chechens refer to themselves as Vainakhs meaning “our people.” The term “Vainakh” is used by both the Chechen and Ingush people. A large number of Chechens currently live in the Chechen Republic, which is a Russian federal state. They have settled around the isolated terrain of the Caucasus Mountains. The Chechens are egalitarian and organized in local clan groups known as teips.

Geographical Areas Inhabited By The Chechens

As much as most Chechens live in Chechnya, others are found in Dagestan, Moscow, and Ingushetia located in the Russian territory. Furthermore, the countries of Kazakhstan, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Iraq, and Jordan are also inhabited by Chechens. As a result of the Chechen Wars, thousands of Chechen refugees have also settled in the European Union.

The History Of The Chechens

The Chechens are part of the Vainakh peoples. They were influenced by the Byzantine and Georgian cultures. Consequently, some Chechens converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity. About the same time, Islam religion began to infiltrate the Chechen society. Nevertheless, the Chechen pagan religion still prevailed until the 19th Century. One challenge that the Chechens had to deal with in the 13th and 14th Century was the invasion by the Mongolians and Tamerlane. They successfully resisted the Mongols, albeit at a cost of massive destruction of their state. The Chechens then moved into the lowlands of Caucasus in the late Middle Ages. Their neighbors became the Ottomans and Persians. However, in the 16th Century, the Russians began to expand towards the region were the Chechens, Ottomans, and Persians dwelt. They were resisted by these people leading to the Russio-Persian War which took place in 1722-1723. The Russians defeated the Persians, thereby gaining much of the Caucassian territories. Then in the 18th and 19th centuries, the Russians waged war against the Chechens who were described by General Yermolov as “a bold and dangerous people”. This war which was fought for decades was won by the Russians with the Chechens losing most of their entire population. Most refugees fled to the Ottoman Empire. The Russian victory did not end the rebellion of the Chechens against the Russian/Soviet power. In fact, they tried to regain their independence in the 90s after the fall of the Soviet Union. This led to the formation of the new Russian state known as the Chechen state in 1994. Clearly, the Chechens are relentless in their quest for independence.

The Culture Of The Chechens

Before the Chechens adopted Islam, they practiced many beliefs and traditions. For instance, they engaged in rituals like rain rites, the Day of Thunderer Sela, and the Day of the Goddess Tusholi. They also preserved their history in stories and epic poems known as illesh. The Chechen society is structured in clans, that is about 130 teips. The teips are made up of gars (branches), and gars made up of nekye (patronymic families). The Chechen culture has cultivated in them a Chechen character which is a strong sense of nationhood. Their national animal is the wolf which is derived from their belief that the Chechens are “free and equal like wolves”. Chechens value their freedom and this can be seen in their daily practices such as a simple greeting which is marsha oylla which means “enter into freedom”. They are predominantly Muslims.

By Sharon Omondi

•Culled from www.worldatlas.com

Bahraini Folk Music Types

Fjiri

A musical genre built around the pearling trade, Fjijiri is the pearling crew’s most important and most popular musical contribution. According to folklore, three friends who shared a passion for music met by an old mosque in Ras Abu Subh at nightfall. As they drew closer to the mosque, they heard unfamiliar and supernatural singing, which suddenly stopped as their presence was sensed. Stones were thrown at the group to keep them away, but being a brave bunch, the friends entered the mosque anyway. There they saw demon jinns, half human and half donkey. The group’s leader demanded to know their identities, asking if they were human or jinn. “We are humans,” they responded “but we aren’t here to harm you.” The jinn leader allowed them to stay on one condition: that the three friends would never share the music with anybody. If they broke their promise, they would die. Many years passed since the strange meeting in Ras Abu Subh and the three friends continued to guard the secret, though they never forgot the musical night they shared with the jinn, singing their strange and magical songs. Death eventually claimed two members of the group. The third felt death approaching and so he made a decision to share the jinn songs with those he held dear. He gathered his loved ones and shared the Fjiri music. His death came, but the magical music heard in Ras Abu Subh now lived in the human world.

Experience the enchantment firsthand with revivals by the Galali and Bin Harban Groups

Leiwa

Popular all over the Gulf, Leiwa has it’s roots in African music. Cymbals, tabl, and the surnay combine in a lively performance complete with dancing.

Fan Al Sut

Popularized by renowned musician Mohammed Bin Faris in the 1930’s, this genre is a bluesy blend with a distinctive Bahraini flavor. Oud music brings to life the soulful lyrics of Sut, which often draw from poetic writings.

Jirba

One of the few completely instrumental types of music, the Jirba bagpipe is often accompanied by percussions and considered a festive instrument. The instrument’s popularity in Bahrain is shared by some other parts of the Gulf, including Kuwait’s Failaka Islands.

•culled from www.culture.gov.bh

Religious Beliefs in Bulgaria

Christianity is the predominant religion in Bulgaria.

Bulgaria is a country in southeastern Europe that encompasses an area of 110,994 square km and has a population of 7,101,859. According to the 2011 census, 60.9% of Bulgaria's population are Christians. In particular, 59.4% of the population is affiliated with the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. Muslims account for about 7.9% of the population, especially Sunnis Muslims , making Islam the second most popular religion in Bulgaria. Islam was introduced to Bulgaria during the Ottoman occupation of the Balkans. Adherents of other faiths account for only 0.1% of the entire population. Bulgaria also has a significant population (9.3%) who do not self-identify with a religion. Additionally, 21.8% of census respondents did not comment on their religious beliefs.

Christianity is the Most Common Religion In Bulgaria

Orthodox Christianity was accepted as the official state religion of Bulgaria during the rule of the First Bulgarian Empire in the 9th century. Roman Catholicism was introduced in Bulgaria during the Middle Ages, while Protestantism was introduced much later in the 19th century. Most ethnic Bulgarians are affiliated with the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. Other Orthodox churches are also active within the country.

Missionaries, Ragusan merchants, and Saxon ore miners living in the country’s northwestern region were instrumental in popularising Catholicism in Bulgaria. There are currently about 40,000 Catholics in the country who are primarily concentrated in the Plovdiv Province and some parts of northern Bulgaria.

Protestantism arrived in Bulgaria mainly from the USA, and the religion is growing quickly within the country. Protestantism in Bulgaria is most common among the Roma people and the ethnic Bulgarians. A 2015 study determined that many Bulgarian Protestant Christians possess a Muslim background.

Islam in Bulgaria

The Muslim community is the biggest religious minority in Bulgaria. Adherents of Islam in Bulgaria include the Turkish Bulgarians, the Pomaks, and a small population of Romas. Most of Bulgaria’s Muslims live in the Razgrad, Kardzhali, and Smolyan provinces.

Religious Freedom and Tolerance in Bulgaria

Although Bulgaria is a secular state, its constitution does recognize Orthodox Christianity as the country’s traditional religion. The freedom of religion is provided by the constitution, and the government generally respects this freedom. Fortunately, Bulgaria has not experienced any major communal confrontations, and the country’s diverse religious communities peacefully co-exist. The capital of Bulgaria, Sofia, includes the “Square of Religious Tolerance,” an area that received the nicknamed because it includes a church, a cathedral, a mosque, and a synagogue all within meters of each other in the city center.

By Oishimaya Den Nag

•culled from www.worldatlas.com

What are the Biggest Cities in Bulgaria?

Sofia, located in the Sofia Central Province, is the biggest city in Bulgaria and also the capital of this European country.

Bulgaria is located in southeastern Europe. It shares borders with the Black Sea, Macedonia, Serbia, Romania, Turkey, and Greece. It has a population of 7,029,349. People have inhabited this area for the last 1.4 million years. During this time, it has been under Bulgarian, Byzantine, Ottoman, and Communist rule. Despite all of these changes, the major urban areas in this country have remained important cultural and economic centers. Today, the majority of Bulgaria's population lives in cities. This article looks at the top 5 most populated cities in Bulgaria.

The Biggest Cities Of Bulgaria

Sofia

Sofia, Bulgaria's capital city, has a population of 1,204,685 spread out over a city area of 190 square miles. It is located in the Sofia Valley and surrounded by the Vitosha and Balkan mountains and has been an important human settlement since 7000 BC. It has served as a political center since 29 BC when it was conquered by the Romans. Today, in addition to being the capital of the country, Sofia is also host to several international company headquarters. Part of its appeal to these organizations is its low corporate tax. Tourists from around the world visit Sofia to take advantage of its proximity to both the coast and the mountains and to visit its unique architecture.

Plovdiv

Plovdiv ranks second among the biggest cities in Bulgaria with 338,153 people living in its center. It is located on either side of the Maritsa River. The city has been continuously inhabited since 4000 BC. Today, Plovdiv is an important economic, educational, and cultural center. The economy of this city is based on tobacco production, food processing, textiles and brewing. It is home to a number of state colleges and private colleges as well as 6 universities. Additionally, Plovdiv holds various cultural festivals including the International Fair, the International Theatrical Festival, and the Golden Chest TV Festival. Visitors to this city can visit ancient Roman ruins, Old Orthodox-style churches, mosques, and temples.

Varna

Varna is the third most populated Bulgarian city with a population of 334,870 in an area of 59.5 square miles. It is also the country’s largest seaside resort located along the Black Sea coast. Due to its location, Varna is one of the most popular tourist destinations and port cities in Bulgaria. In fact, 61% of its net income is derived from tourism and trade. The Bulgarian Navy is stationed here as well. Aside from spending all day at the beach, tourists to this city can also visit the Varna Archaeological Museum which hosts the Varna Gold, the world’s oldest gold jewelry dating back to between 4200 and 4600 BC.

Burgas

Burgas has a population of 200,271 and is located on the Bulgarian Black Sea coast in the Burgas Bay. It ranks fourth among the biggest cities in Bulgaria. Its location makes the fishing industry an important part of the economy. Although, the biggest economic contributor is the LUKOIL Neftochim Burgas oil refinery, which is the largest in southeastern Europe. Not only is the city an important economic and industrial center, but also a tourist and cultural center. This city is home to several museums, archaeological ruins, churches, and monasteries.

Ruse

Ruse is number 5 on the list and has a population of 149,642. It is located along the Danube River, making Ruse the most important river port in Bulgaria. Under Roman rule, it was a military and naval hub. Today, the economy is based on textiles, tailoring, and food processing. Because of its unique neo-Baroque and neo-Rococo architecture, Ruse is a popular tourist destination as well.

The Biggest Cities In Bulgaria

Rank City Population

1 Sofia 1,204,685
2 Plovdiv 338,153
3 Varna 334,870
4 Burgas 200,271
5 Ruse 149,642
6 Stara Zagora 138,272
7 Pleven 106,954
8 Sliven 91,620
9 Dobrich 91,030
10 Shumen 80,855

By Amber Pariona

•culled from www.worldatlas.com

The Culture Of Bulgaria

Bulgaria has a rich heritage and culture reflected in its cuisine, literature and graphic arts, performance arts, and sports.

The Southeast European country of Bulgaria houses a population of around 7,057,504 individuals. Ethnic Bulgarians account for 76.9% of the total population of the country. The Turkish and the Romani ethnic groups are the largest minority ethnic communities. Bulgarian is the official language spoken in the country. The majority of Bulgarians (59.4%) are
affiliated to the Eastern Orthodox Church. 7.8% of the population comprises of Muslims.

Cuisine

Bulgarian cuisine represent Eastern European cuisine. It features both local and international dishes, especially Turkish, Greek, and Persian dishes. Salads are often eaten as appetizers. Soups and pastries are important components of Bulgarian cuisine. The cold soup tarator (salted strained yogurt or diluted yogurt with added garlic, olive oil, cucumbers, and some herbs) is a popular dish. Meat, chicken or vegetarian stews are consumed as the main course. Although deep frying is not preferred, grilling is a common technique used to cook foods like sausages. Baked filled pastries called börek and filo dough based banitsa are also widely consumed. Bulgarians are top yogurt consumers in Europe. Special occasions demand traditional meals. On Christmas Eve, cabbage leaf stuffed dishes called sarmi and vegetarian stuffed peppers are eaten. Cabbage dishes are also commonly consumed on New Year's Eve. Fish, usually carp, is eaten during Nikulden. The Bulgarians also love to consume wines and other alcoholic drinks like the rakia (fruit brandy).

Literature And The Arts

Bulgarian literature began in the latter half of the 9th century with the spread of literacy in the Old Bulgarian language. Most of the early literary works were religious in nature. Secular writings started appearing many centuries later in the late 18th century. By this time, modern vernacular Bulgarian was in use. Historical writings now started appearing. The modern standard Bulgarian language developed in the early 19th century and literary works flourished henceforth. Folklores were now collected and published by ethnologists.
The early graphic arts scene of Bulgaria featured paintings of a religious nature. Fresco painting was popular during this time. Bulgarian frescoes like those in the Boyana Church near Sofia are internationally recognized for their beauty and detail. Wood carving, weaving, other textile arts, and ceramics are some of the well-established crafts of the country.

Performance Arts

Bulgaria has a rich heritage of music, dance, and theater. The music and dance of the country range from folk to classical and jazz, pop, and rock. The country’s indigenous wedding band music and women’s choral music are internationally famous. The Romani people living in the country have their own folk cultures which add to the wealth of the Bulgarian folk performance arts scene. Bulgarian cinema has also made great strides in the world of global cinema.

Sports

A variety of sports are played in the country. Bulgarian athletes have participated in the Olympic Games since 1896. As of 2012, the country has won 215 Olympic medals including 51 gold medals. Association football is Bulgaria’s most popular sport and the country has its own Bulgarian league. The national football team of Bulgaria has achieved some success with the biggest one being when it finished at the 4th position in the 1994 FIFA World Cup. Bulgaria also has one of the best volleyball national teams in Europe. Other sports that are popular in Bulgaria include rugby, rhythmic gymnastics, wrestling, swimming, karate, judo, etc. Bulgaria also has a national cricket team.

Life In Bulgarian Society

Although Bulgarian society was historically largely patriarchal in nature, the status of women in the country changed significantly during the socialist era. Many women entered the country’s workforce during that time. Today, Bulgarian women enjoy many rights and privileges as enjoyed by men. They can vote and own property. They also hold jobs in various fields. However, a large section of the women, especially those in rural areas, are still expected to shoulder the responsibilities of household management and childcare while men are regarded as the primary breadwinners. Also, there are fewer women in the higher employment ranks than men.

Marriages in Bulgaria are generally based on individual choice while in certain cases, family members might be actively involved in selecting the spouse. Monogamous relationships are the norm. Inter-ethnic and inter-religious marriages are not very common in the country. Most adults marry, typically in their 20s. Divorce is less stigmatized today than in the past.

Families in Bulgaria are usually small consisting of parents and children, and occasionally, grandchildren. Most couples have one or two children. The patrilocal residence where the couple moves in with the husband’s parents is more likely than the matrilocal residence. Property is usually inherited equally by all children, both male and female. Schooling is free and compulsory to a certain level.

A very interesting etiquette of Bulgarians can be observed in the way they say "yes" and "no". In the former case, they shake their head sideways while in the latter case, they make a short upward and downward movement of the head. Bulgarians are known to be great hosts. Any visitor is greeted by shaking hands and then invited into the home and offered food and drinks. The younger people are expected to show their respect to the older generations by greeting them well and speaking in a polite manner. They are also expected to give up their seat in public transport to an elderly person.

By Oishimaya Sen Nag

culled from www.worldatlas.com

Largest Ethnic Groups Of Bosnia And Herzegovina

Around half of the country's residents are Bosniaks, with sizable minority populations of Serbs and Croats.

Bosnia and Herzegovina is located in Southeastern Europe in the Balkan Peninsula and borders
Montenegro, Serbia , and Croatia. Bosnia And Herzegovina trace human settlement to Neolithic age after which it was settled by Celtics and Illyrians. The country has rich cultural, political, and social history due to the influence of the Slavic people who continues to live in the country to this day. Bosnia And Herzegovina has a population of 3.7 million people in 1.6 million households. The massive migration of individuals during the Yugoslav war in the 1990s led to the demographic shifts in the country. 2013 census recorded fewer people compared to the 1991 census. Bosnia And Herzegovina are home to three major ethnic groups including Bosniaks, Serbs, and Croats. There are other smaller groups like Montenegrins, Roma, and Jews.

Bosniaks

Bosniaks are South Slavic nation and ethnic group dominating Bosnia and Herzegovina population, and they constitute 50.1% of the total population in the country. There are over 2 million Bosniaks living in the country with another million living around the world especially in Germany, Austria, and Australia. The majority of the Bosniaks are mainly Muslims. A good number especially the intellectuals and leaders are purely secular. Christian missionaries from Rome are slowly making converts of the Balkan region including Bosnia and Herzegovina. Other religions gaining popularity in the country include Catholic and Orthodox. Bosniak Islamic identity is more related to the cultural roots than to the religious beliefs though their view of Islam and foundation are the same. Bosniaks take pride in sevdalinka, a melancholic folk song and a wide range of traditional wisdom that have been passed down one generation to another.

Serbs

Serbs belong to the South Slavic ethnic group who are Balkan natives, and they are the second largest ethnic group in the country forming 30.8% of the total population in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The majority of the Serbs are found in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro. About 2 million Serbs are also found in the diaspora especially in the Western Europe. 1.1 million Serbs are living in Bosnia and Herzegovina mostly in the Republika Srpska. Serbs speak Serbian which is part of Slavic language. Serbian is an official language in both Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Art especially literature, painting, dance, medieval architecture and music form an important part of the Serb's culture. The modern Serbs also compose and play classical music as part their culture. Serbs are predominantly Orthodox Christians. Islam and other minority religions are also common with the Serb community.

Croats

Croats often referred to as Bosnia Croats are the third largest ethnic community in Bosnia and Herzegovina making up 15.4% of the total population. Croats are mainly popular in Mostar, Livno, Siroki Brijen, and Odzark municipalities. Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina speak Croatian, a Serbo-Croatian language. Bosnia Croats are primarily known for their Hrvoje Missal, a significant art that dates back to 15th and 16th century. Croats also pride in literature consisting of material written in The Croatian language. Traditional music is related to ganga, tamburica, and klapa. Croats are predominantly Catholics with the majority of Catholics in Bosnia and Herzegovina being Croats.

Conclusion

Other ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina include Albanians, Montenegrins, Roma, and Jewish among other smaller ethnic groups who in total constitute 3.6% of the whole population. These smaller groups are dominated by the three major language groups. All the language groups have a unique culture, religion, and way of life.

Largest Ethnic Groups Of Bosnia And Herzegovina

Rank Ethnic Group Share of National Population

1 Bosniak 50.1%
2 Serbs 30.8%
3 Croats 15.4%
4 Albanians, Montenegrins, Roma, and Others 3.6%

By Benjamin Elisha Sawe

•culled from www.worldatlas.com

The Biggest Cities In Bosnia And Herzegovina

Sarajevo is Bosnia and Herzegovina's largest city and capital of the country. Banja Luka and Luka are the second and third biggest cities in the country.

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Located on the Balkan Peninsula, Bosnia and Herzegovina is a Southeastern European nation with Sarajevo as its capital and biggest city. The country has a 20 km long coastline on the Adriatic Sea to the south. Serbia borders the country to the east, Croatia to the north, south, and west, and Montenegro to the southeast. Most parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina experiences a moderate continental climate while a Mediterranean climate prevails in the southern tip of the nation.
Today, Bosnia and Herzegovina have high literacy rates, education levels, and life expectancy. It is also one of the most visited nations and has one of the highest tourism growth rates in the world. The country is famous for its rich cultural heritage, natural beauty, eclectic cuisine, winter sports, music, festivals, and architecture.

The Three Largest Cities In Bosnia And Herzegovina

Sarajevo

Sarajevo is Bosnia and Herzegovina’s biggest city and seat of government in the country. The city is nestled within the greater Sarajevo Valley on the banks of the Miljacka River and is surrounded by the Dinaric Alps. Sarajevo is not only the political center but also the cultural and social center of the country. Due to the city’s long-term association with religious and cultural history, it is also known by the nickname of "Jerusalem of Europe.” Sarajevo is unique in being the only European city to house a Catholic church, a synagogue, a mosque, and an Orthodox church in the same neighborhood. This fact exhibits the tolerant and multicultural nature of the city. A number of important educational institutions are also located in Sarajevo.

Sarajevo is also the strongest economic hub in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It has a large administrative, manufacturing, and tourism sector. The city generates nearly 25% of the nation’s GDP. Furniture, tobacco products, automobiles, hosiery and communication equipments are the important industries here.

Banja Luka

Banja Luka is Bosnia and Herzegovina’s second biggest city and is located in the northwestern part of the country. The city encompasses an area of 96.2 square km and is on the banks of the Vrbas River. The city’s downtown is 534.78 ft above sea-level and is surrounded by hills. The University of Banja Luka is situated in the city. Banja Luka is well-known for its tree-lined avenues, gardens, parks, and boulevards.

Banja Luka has a dominant Serb population. It is an important political center in the country and houses several entity and state institutions. A number of financial service regulators also have their headquarters in Banja Luka. The city has a rich culture and is an important tourist center. Several museums like the Museum of Bosanska Krajina, the Museum of Modern Art of Republika Srpska, and others are located in Banja Luka.

Tuzla

Tuzla is the third most populous city in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is north-east Bosnia’s educational, cultural, scientific, economic, health, and tourist hub. Tuzla has a wide and varied industrial sector, and its salt lake tourism has encouraged the growth of a thriving service sector. Europe’s only salt lake is located in the city and is visited by nearly 100,000 people per year. The city is one of the country’s most multicultural cities and thus has a rich and eclectic culture.

Which Are The Biggest Cities In Bosnia And Herzegovina?

Rank Name Population (2013)

1 Sarajevo 291.422
2 Banja Luka 199.191
3 Tuzla 120,874
4 Zenica 115,298
5 Bijeljina 114,663
6 Mostar 113,169
7 Prijedor 97,588
8 Brčko 93,028
9 Doboj 77,223
10 Cazin 69,411

By Oishimaya Sen Nag

•culled from www.worldatlas.com

The Culture Of Bosnia And Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina has a rich culture and heritage.

The Southeastern European nation of Bosnia and Herzegovina hosts a population of around 3,849,891 individuals. 50.1% of the population of the country is represented by the ethnic Bosniaks. Serbs and Croats are the largest ethnic minorities in the country. Bosnian, Serbian, and Croatian are the three official languages spoken in the country. Muslims account for 50.7% of the country’s population. Orthodox and Roman Catholic Christians account for 30.7% and 15.2% of the nation’s population, respectively.

Cuisine Of Bosnia And Herzegovina

Both Western and Eastern European influences can be seen in the cuisine of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Ottoman and Mediterranean cuisines also significantly influence the country’s cuisine. Several different kinds of spices are used but in small quantities. Tomatoes, onions, peppers, cucumbers, carrots, mushrooms, spinach, milk, fresh beans, etc., are commonly used. Meat dishes consumed in the country include mutton, beef, and chicken. Some of the widely consumed dishes include pilaf (rice cooked in seasoned broth), goulash (meat stew seasoned with spices), ajvar (a pepper-based condiment), burek (baked filled pastries), etc.

Literature And The Arts In Bosnia And Herzegovina

The country has a rich literary heritage and has produced several internationally renowned writers and poets. Ivo Andrić is a Nobel prize winning writer from the country. He won the prize for the historical novel Bridge over the Drina. Epic stories set to music were passed orally through the generations of Bosnians. The country’s art scene has always been evolving over the centuries. It ranged from medieval tombstones to court paintings. During Communism, artists glorifying the regime were encouraged while the rest were suppressed. Today, the artists in the country receive little economic support from the government as years of war have greatly depleted the economic resources of the nation. Some of the well-known crafts from Bosnia and Herzegovina include carpet and wool rugs weaving, metalwork, silk embroidery, etc.

Performance Arts In Bosnia And Herzegovina

The country has a rich heritage of music and dance. Some of the traditional instruments include the saz and shargija (types of lute), diple (a droneless bagpipe), and gusle (a one-stringed instrument). Epic poems are performed to the tune of the gusle. Turkish-influenced music is more popular in urban areas while Slavic music influences music in rural areas. The country has a variety of folk dances like the nijemo kolo which is a circle dance performed to foot stamping. Popular dancing and rock 'n' roll dances are popular among the youth, primarily in the urban areas.

Sports In Bosnia And Herzegovina

Like many other European nations, football is the most favorite sport of the Bosnians. The game is played throughout the country. Another popular sport in the county is basketball. As an independent nation, Bosnia and Herzegovina first participated in the Olympics in 1992 in Barcelona, Spain. Besides these popular spectator sports, the country's massive natural parks and nature reserves also allow Bosnians to enjoy hiking, skiing, camping, and other outdoor activities.

Life In The Bosnian Society

Bosnia continues to have a patriarchal tradition where men are regarded as the breadwinners while most women are confined to the traditional role of maintaining the household and children. Only a small section of the Bosnian women work outside of their homes. Men usually hold higher ranks than women in every field of employment.
Marriages in Bosnia and Herzegovina are usually based on love matches. Ethnically mixed marriages were common in the past prior to the civil war, but are rare now. The practice of polygamy as sanctioned by Islam is not prevalent in the country. One of the customs of marriages in the country involves the bride’s parents gifting a specially woven rug to the couple. The rug carries the wedding date and the initials of the couple.
Domestic units in the country typically consist of three generations living in the same household. However, war and ethnic differences have torn apart the many families in the country. Inheritance has traditionally passed from the father to the eldest son but during the Communist era, inheritance by women was also made legal.
Today, the Bosnian society is on the path to recovery. Years of violent war has strewn apart many families in the country and caused great torment to its people. Poverty, unemployment, societal discrimination, etc., are some of the problems that plague society today. Education also suffered greatly during the war in the country. Many schools were forced to shut down.
The people of Bosnia was warm and friendly in nature. They are known to be very hospitable people. Kissing is a common form of greeting for both men and women. People love visiting the homes of friends and relatives and often carry a gift with them. Hosts are expected to offer them meals or refreshment.

By Oishimaya Sen Nag

•culled from www.worldatlas.com

Biggest Cities In Belgium

Brussels is the biggest metropolitan area while Antwerp is Belgium's most populous city proper in terms of residents within the city limits.
Belgium is a European country located along the North Sea, and covers an area of 11,787 square miles. It shares borders with France, Germany, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. The majority of the population of 11 million live in the cities. This articles takes a look at the most populated cities in Belgium.

Brussels

Brussels is by far the most populous metropolitan area in Belgium, and is also the capital city. Approximately 1,789,447 people live throughout the entire metropolitan area, which is referred to as the Brussels-Capital Region. Of the people living here, around 70% are immigrants from other countries. The two largest groups are from France and Morocco. This city has a long history beginning with its founding in 979 AD. Its location on the Senne River soon made the city an important trade center. Its population quickly grew, the nearby marshes were emptied for development, and walls were built by the 1200’s. After the Belgian revolution of 1830, when Belgium won its independence from France, Brussels became the capital. Today, the economy of this city revolves around public administration. Additionally, it is home to several multinational headquarters.

Antwerp

The second most populous metropolitan area in Belgium is Antwerp, which is also the capital of the namesake Antwerp Province. Around 940,671 residents live here and the greater metropolitan area. This city is located along the Scheldt River and covers an area of 78.96 square miles. Between 36% and 39% of the population here are from foreign countries, however that number is growing and is expected to be 50% by 2020. According to archaeological records, the area has been inhabited since the Second Century AD and was named in the 4th Century. By the end of the 1400’s, Antwerp became an important trade center, particularly for sugar and later in the silver and textile industries. After the violence of the religious revolution in 1566, the river was closed to trading and the population and economy of Antwerp began to decline. The city suffered damages during both World War I and War War II and it was not until the 21st Century that Antwerp began to grow again, this time as a fashion center and port city. Today, it is the second largest port city in Europe. Additionally, the city has 5 oil refineries and a large diamond industry.

Liege

Liege is the third most populous city in Belgium, housing 633,934 residents within its metro area. It is located along the Meuse River in the Liege province, near the Netherlands and Germany. The residents of Liege are predominately French-speaking, while German and Dutch speakers comprise linguistic minorities. Immigration into the city has been increasing since the 1990’s, particularly people from Turkey, Morocco, and Algeria. Liege has had military fortifications since the early 14th Century that have been redesigned and strengthened over the years. During World War II, the Germans invaded and took control of these forts for around 4 years, until September of 1944. After the war, the city’s coal and steel industries began to decline, causing high unemployment rates throughout the city. Recently, the economy began improving, mainly because of Belgium’s membership in the European Union. It is now considered the most important economic center in the Wallonia region.

A list of other major Belgian cities can be seen below.

Urbanization of Belgium

Today, 97.4% of the population in Belgium lives in cities, making it the 6th most urbanized country in the world. Because of this high percentage of urban living, the country faces some significant environmental problems. Air pollution, for example, is one concern with heavy concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and sulfur dioxide. The freshwater surrounding the city is also contaminated, although improved wastewater treatment has improved the water quality somewhat. In the Brussels Capital Region, energy consumption has also decreased by 18% which shows a successful effort given that the population actually increased by 12%. The government of Belgium is continuing efforts to bring the country’s pollution levels below European targets.

Biggest Cities In Belgium

Rank Biggest Cities in Belgium City Proper Population (Metro Population)

1 Brussels 178,552 (1,789,447)
2 Antwerp 517,042 (940,671)
3 Liège 196,970 (633,934)
4 Ghent 257,029 (416,493)
5 Charleroi 202,182 (403,868)
6 Schaerbeek 132,590
7 Bruges 118,053
8 Anderlecht 117,412
9 Namur 110,632
10 Leuven 99,288

By Amber Pariona

•culled from www.worldatlas.com

Largest Ethnic Groups And Nationalities In Belgium

The Flemish people, who are generally Dutch speakers, are the largest demographic group in Belgium.

Belgium covers an area of 30,278 km2 in the Europe. The country was colonized by Netherlands and got its independence in 1830, but was later occupied by Germany during the first and second world wars. The capital city is Brussels and home to many international organizations like the NATO and UE. The country borders France, Luxembourg , Germany and Netherlands by land. Belgium had a population of 11,190,846 people at the start of 2015. The majority of this population is made up of the Dutch-speaking Flemish group.

Flemish

The Flemish population 6,450,765 of Belgium’s total population and they trace their ancestry to medieval Flanders which today occupies the northern part of Belgium. In early centuries, Belgium had been occupied by the Celtic tribes which were eventually conquered by Germanic people. The Germanic people influenced the development of the Dutch language which is widely spoken by the Flemish. Belgium came under several occupations beginning the 16th century such as the Spain, France, and Netherlands. The Flemish in collaboration with the Walloons staged revolts under the rule of Netherlands and Belgium attained self-rule in 1830. Walloons and the Flemish wanted to gain supremacy in the region and 1993, Flanders and Wallonia were recognized as autonomous regions in the country. The Flemish speak Flemish, a variation of the Dutch language, which is the official language in Belgium. The Flemish people hold colorful festivals and events, mostly based on local folklore. The cat festival of Ypres in an example of Flemish’ folklore. Catholic is the main religion in Flanders, a region characterized by houses built with red brick. Industries such as textiles, automobiles, and tourism contribute to the economy of the Flanders region.

Walloon

The Walloons mainly occupy the Southern and Eastern parts of Belgium, and they number about 3,700,000. As the Germanic people invaded northern Belgium, the Roman rule in Southern Belgium continued to prosper. The Roman and Latin dialects influenced the French language spoken by contemporary Wallonia people. The Walloon people are majorly Roman Catholic with a minor presence of Russian Orthodox, Protestants, Jews and Greek Orthodox. Agricultural production is a significant commercial activity in Wallonia, mainly producing sugar beets, potatoes, and wheat. Some of the Walloon people visit cemeteries on All Saint’s Day to clean their deceased tombs, in the belief that the spirits of the dead come back to earth. The Walloon people reside in storeyed row houses built with brick. A major characteristic of the Wallonia people is small nuclear families. The Wallonia people have been subjected to unemployment since the 1990s when the coal mines and most of its industries were closed down.

Italian

The Italian group makes up 450,000 of Belgium’s total population. Italians represent the largest migratory group in Belgium. Belgium opened its borders beginning 1968 to European Union nationals. The first wave of Italian citizens in Belgium went to seek employment. Family unification also increased the Italian population in Belgium.

Moroccan

Belgium has 220,000 people of Moroccan ancestry. The Moroccan immigrants mainly came to Belgium after the World War II as labor for Belgium’s booming coal mining industry. Immigration was halted in the 1970s due to an economic crisis in Belgium. The Moroccan community continued to grow primarily because of the reuniting of family units. Most of these immigrants are concentrated in urban areas in Belgium and continue to be a working population.

Future Trends

A population of 75,000 in contemporary Belgium has German ancestry. Belgium’s birth rate is expected to remain steady while the life expectancy rate is set to increase. The population of Belgium is forecasted to reach 11.4 million in 2020. Belgium’s population is expected to be affected by increasing globalization and migratory patterns. A growing Muslim population in Belgium is predicted to reach 10.2% of the total population by 2030.

Largest Ethnic Groups And Nationalities In Belgium

Rank Ethnic Group or Nationality Population in Contemporary Belgium:

1 Flemish 6,450,765
2 Walloon 3,700,000
3 Italian 450,000
4 Moroccan 220,000
5 German 75,000

By Benjamin Elisha Sawe

•culled from www.worldatlas.com

The Culture Of Belgium

The cuisine of Belgium is known for its significant regional variations.
The Western European country of Belgium hosts a population of around 11,570,762 individuals. 75% of the population is represented by ethnic Belgians. The country has three official languages: Dutch, French, and German. Although Dutch (60%) and French (40%) are spoken by large sections of the population, German is spoken by only 1% of the population. Christianity is the religion of the majority in Belgium. About 50% of the population adheres to Roman Catholicism. A large section of the country’s residents (32.6%) do not believe in any religion.

Belgian Cuisine

The cuisine of Belgium is known for its significant regional variations. It also reflects the influences of French, German, and Dutch cuisines. Globally, Belgium is best known for waffles, chocolate, beer, and fries. Today, most Belgians have food that is also consumed in neighboring nations. Thus, Belgian cuisine usually refers to those dishes that have their origin in the country. Potatoes, grey shrimp, asparagus, leeks, Belgian endives, etc., are some of the common ingredients of the Belgium dishes. Moules-frites (cooked or steamed mussels with celery and onions, and served with potato fries) is often regarded as the national dish of the country. Carbonade flamande (a Belgian beef stew), Steak-frites (steak with french fries), Waterzooi (a chicken or fish stew), Filet américain (minced ground beef is eaten cold and raw), Boudin (a type of sausage), etc., are some of the other dishes consumed in Belgium. Despite its small size, Belgium produces about 1,132 different varieties of beers. Jenever, the country’s national spirit gave birth to the gin. The country is famed for its chocolates with over 2,000 chocolatiers operating in the country.

Belgian Literature And Art

As Belgium is a multilingual country, literature in the country has been produced in several languages with the two most prominent ones being French and Dutch. Literary works in German and regional languages like Walloon have also been produced in the country. Some of the most famous Belgian authors are Guido Gezelle, Jacques Brel, Paul van Ostaijen, Pierre Mertens, Amélie Nothomb, and others.

Belgium also has a long history of art that goes back to the Middle Ages. The monasteries in the country were the hub of productions in Carolingian art, Ottonian art, and later Romanesque Mosan art. During the Renaissance, Belgian artists produced some excellent works of art. Rubens, a Flemish (a Germanic ethnic group native to Flanders, Belgium) artist, is one of the influential artists of the Flemish Baroque tradition. Today, impressive museums in the country like The Royal Museum for Fine Arts in Antwerp and the Plantin-Moretus Museum protect and preserve the works of Belgian art and literature.

Performance Arts In Belgium

The musical heritage of Belgium is a diverse mix of the Walloon French-speaking, Flemish Dutch-speaking, German, and immigrant music traditions. The Franco-Flemish style dominated Belgium’s music scene in the 15th and 16th centuries. Some of the most famous musicians of the time were Orlando di Lasso and Josquin des Prez. As the music of the country evolved in the later years, new genres of music were adopted by the people. Jazz, pop, rock, and classical music are currently the popular musical genres in Belgium. The people are also proud of their rich heritage of traditional and folk music and many cultural festivals and competitions are held every year to encourage folk and traditional music and dance artists of the country.

Sport In Belgium

Sport is an important part of the life of most Belgians. The country hosts around 17,000 sports clubs. 13% of the population of the country engage in sports activities. Football, tennis, cycling, swimming, basketball, hockey, etc., are some of the most popular sports played in the country. Belgium has hosted several international championships including the 1920 Olympic Games. The country’s sportspersons have won many medals at the Olympic Games over the years.

Life In A Belgian Society

Women and men enjoy equal freedoms and rights in Belgian society. Women are an integral part of the country’s workforce and are employed in diverse professions. The country’s wage gap between the genders is one of the lowest in the European Union.

Marriages are based on romantic relationships. Families are usually nuclear in nature. The Belgian youth today marry and have children at a later age than their past generations. Most families have one to three children while North African immigrant families are usually larger in size. Single parent households are also common. Divorce rates are quite high. Although women usually do more of the domestic work, it is perceived as a matter of negotiation between the couple rather than an obligation for the woman. In the absence of a will, both male and female children inherit the property of their deceased parents equally. Education up to a certain level is free and compulsory for all. Therefore, the country has high levels of literacy.

By Oishimaya Sen Nag

•culled from www.worldatlas.com

Population Of Belarus

Belarus had a population of 9,498,700 in 2016, and one that is largely urbanized. Over 80% of the population is ethnically Belarusian.

Population Of Belarus

According to 201 figures, Belarus has a population of 9,498,700 and over 70% of the population resides in urban areas. More than 80% are Belarusian with minorities such as Russians, Polish, and Ukrainians. They speak the two official languages of Belarusian and Russian. Belarusian is the primary language spoken by 72% of the population and Russian, the second official language, is spoken by 12% of the people. Although the constitution does not declare a state religion, Belarusians mainly practice Orthodox Christianity, followed by the Roman Catholicism.

Vital Statistics Of The Population Of Belarus

Belarus, like many other European nations, has a negative growth rate of 0.4% per year, with a fertility rate of 1.26%, which is below the replacement rate. It has a birth rate of 9.76%; boys for 5.03% and girls for 4.73%. Its 0.4% net migration rate indicates that it experiences more immigration than emigration. The infant mortality rate is 7.24 %, and the death rate is 13.4%.

Ethnic Origins Of The Population Of Belarus

83.7% of the population is Belarusians. Russians comprise 8.3% and a significant number of them having migrated into the country during the Second World War. Ethnic Poles account for 3.1 % of the population, majorly found in the western part of the country near the Polish border. 1.7 % is Ukrainians, and 2.4 % consist of other ethnic communities like Lithuanians, Latvians, and Tatars.

Religion Of The People Of Belarus

Orthodox Christianity is the dominant religion in Belarus, with over 1000 churches in the country. Other minority religions in Belarus include Catholicism, the second most widespread religion with over 400 churches. Judaism is mainly for the Jews and has more than 40 Hebrew communities.

Protestantism comprises of the Lutherans, Mormons, Baptist, and Calvinists. There are 27 Muslim communities and nine mosques in Belarusian and a minority number practicing neopaganism. Belarus has no state religion despite the fact that Orthodoxy is widely practiced. All the religious groups and communities practice their religion freely and peacefully. The constitution provides for freedom of worship in the country, although the government restricts this right in practice by prohibiting religious groups that it deems harmful to the government.

Culture Of The People Of Belarus

Belarusian culture is diverse in various traditions that incorporate attributes of the physical environment, their Belarusian ethnographic background, paganism of the early Belarusian settlers and Byzantine Christianity. All these aspects influence the art, Music Theater, and Literature environment in the country. Their art displays the Byzantine influence in illustrations of iconography and manuscripts. Music festivals are very popular among the Belarusians, and most of them can play at least one musical instrument. They enjoy a broad range of music including the modern day pop music while still holding on to their tradition folk and classical music. Belarusian literature is a national identity in the literary works of known poets like Yakub Kolas and Yanka Kupala. The tradition of the modern theater is strong with many professional theaters both public and private all over the country.

Although the population of Belarus is diverse, it enjoys an integrated social cohesion and peaceful co-existence, and other bilateral relations with their neighboring countries. The Belarus population is also an aging population with an average life expectancy of 72 years. Over 99% of the Belarusians are literate, and more than four million people are working class, with women holding more jobs than men. The constitution protects the people through a legislation documenting human rights and freedoms.

By Benjamin Elisha Sawe

•culled from www.worldatlas.com