There's Transformation of A Human Ancestral Species in Yoruba land

Either from Homo erectus species of a human to Homo sapiens  [modern human] or from Homo Heidelbergensis species of  a human to Homo sapiens.

Then scientific proved that Homo Heidelbergensis the early human species who appeared on earth between 800,000 and 600,000 years ago raised two human species, Homo Neanderthal in Europe continent and Homo sapiens in Africa continent later spreads around the world. Homo Heidelbergensis fossil discovered in Asia continent in few decades ago and He was a third man on earth and third human ancestors after Australopithecus afereniss the first man on earth who appeared in 5milion years ago and Homo erectus who appeared in 2 million years ago.

In 2012 Arun Durvasula and Sriram Sankararaman, researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles, United States (U.S.), made the finding. They devised a statistical method able to highlight abnormal genetic code without needing the genome of the species it was inherited from.This bypasses the need for DNA extracted from extinct African hominins as a basis of comparison.

The hotter and wetter climate on the African continent tends to destroy any preserved DNA, unlike samples of human-like species the Neanderthals and Densiovans uncovered in Europe and Asia.The statistical technique was applied to the DNA of 50 modern Yoruba who had their genetic information sequenced as part of the 1,000 Genomes Project. This established that roughly eight per cent of their DNA comes from a yet unknown ‘gost ’ ancestor. But later the researcher said Homo Heidelbergensis the third man on earth who lived between 800,000 to 600,000 years ago be the candidate.

Some Yorùbá oral tradition tell more about human evolution before people colonized us rewrite our history  with religion brain.

The story tell us that  there was a time when earth populated with IRUMỌLẸ or another human species. Ancient Yorùbá people believed that the first set of IRUMỌLẸ were 16 who descenced from heaven to Ọra Ife and Òkè tàsé present day South West, Nigeria. Yorùbá called them Àgbá mérinlodinogún means sixteen elders included the progenitors. Ancient Yorùbá people also believe that Irumọlẹ created by Olódùmarè Almighty God to populate the earth. Later the numbers of Irumọlẹ increasing from 16 to 401 that's why we have 401 Irumọlẹ or gods in our ancestral home know as Ile Ife present day Osun State, South West Nigeria today.

Ancient Yorùbá also believe that Irumọlẹ spread around world to be the father and mother of all race that's why some African ancestors has different name but the same character for example Obatala in Yoruba land is Eri in Igbo land and Kuhum in Egypt . Oduduwa the progenitor is Asuri in Egypt but only people read oral history or history came from our ancestors can know more about this.

The birth of a human being (Homo sapiens) according to Yorùbá cosmology.

In Yorùbá cosmology only Obatala got power to mud human from a clay know as Amo dá or Adà ẹdá in Yoruba language.

Obatala is only Yorùbá Irumọlẹ Instructed by Olódùmarè God to mud  all our body from a clay except our soul or internal spirit.

Which means the first human being on earth mud by Obatala.

The first modern human being in Yoruba land is  Babaluaye, 'Baba' (which means father) and Ayé (which means earth) literally means 

Father of the earth.

Babaluaye popularly know as Sànpònná in Yorùbá land today later the founder of Kétu kingdom present day republic of Beini.

In Kétu kingdom there's a point where ancient Yorùbá people believe that civilizations began. Yorùbá called it Igbalaye and many researchers suggestions that place likely to date back or existence before 400,000 years ago or before Homo sapiens i mean the modern human being who lived in 200,000 years ago.

Our oral history is true...

Note not only Yorùbá tribe has gost ancestors or transformed from Homo Heidelbergensis to Homo sapiens or modern human being, we're 10 in numbers majority in west Africa. Tribes like Ẹsan of Nigeria, Ga of Ghana, Mende of Serria Leone, Ewé of Ghana, Kétu people in republic of Beini but both were Yorùbá descendant in West Africa and some tribes in China and Indonesia.

Google

Unknown DNA in west Africa to know more.

Our oral tradition isn't fiction according to modern people believe but is real live of our ancestors history because there's evidence.

This is the Great Eleme Tribe: Indigenous to Port Harcourt Niger Delta Region of Nigeria 🇳🇬

Eleme people are better known for there beautiful rich cultural displays especially during traditional marriages, new yam festivals, traditional wrestling, Onura festivals and marriage rites. Eleme people speak the eleme language which is part of the ogonoid class of language from the Niger Congo.

Eleme people are mostly farmers with cassava and yam as the major crops cultivated in the land.

Eleme are neighbours to Okrika, Ogu, Ogoni, Ikwerre and Obibo, over the years Eleme and Okrika had faced great conflicts over land disputes with the last conflict in 1999 being the most intense of all.

Ogu people who also share border with Eleme had greatly tormented the Ekporos of Eleme who lived at the South end of Eleme.

Eleme got 10 clans, due to the booming oil richness of Eleme land and political interest had dominated the land for years.

Eleme economy had been really great because of the large migration of companies and non indigenes, the first refinery built in Nigeria 🇳🇬 is located at Alesa town. Eleme businesses of non indigenes have flourished greatly due to easy access to the area, the impact of non indigenes activities in Eleme land had really caused huge changes in the Eleme society. Eleme cultures are now becoming extinct with the language being one of the most endangered languages in Nigeria.

Most eleme young generation are more brought up  with the use of pidgin language. Many steps have been taken to bring back most lost cultures and also reviving the use of Eleme language in occasions.

Golden Throne of King Tutankhamun

Tutankhamun, commonly referred to as King Tut, was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh who was the last of his royal family to rule during the end of the 18th Dynasty during the New Kingdom of Egyptian history. His father is believed to be the pharaoh Akhenaten, and His mother is his father's sister, identified through DNA testing as an unknown mummy referred to as "The Younger Lady" who was found in KV35.

Tutankhamun was between eight and nine years of age when he ascended the throne and became pharaoh. He was buried in a tomb that was unusually small considering his status. There were 5,398 items found in the tomb, including a solid gold coffin, thrones, face mask, archery bows, sandals, trumpets, a lotus chalice, gold toe stalls, furniture, food, wine, and fresh linen underwear.

AFRICAN HISTORY

When they move from Europe to Africa = Voyages of discovery.

When Africans moved from Africa to Europe = Illegal immigrants.

A group of Africans in Europe = Refugees.

A group of Europeans in Africa = Tourists.

A group of Africans in the bush = Poachers.

A group of Europeans in the bush = Hunters.

Black people working in a foreign country = Foreigners.

White people working in a foreign country = Experts

Did this world fail Africa or did we fail ourselves? Food for thought!!

IN FACT, THE GREATEST STUPIDITY NORMALIZED BY AFRICANS IS:

When a French citizen does not speak English, Africans respect him.

When a Spaniard doesn't speak English, Africans respect him.

When a Chinese person doesn't speak English, Africans respect him.

When a Russian doesn't speak English, Africans respect him.

When a Portuguese person doesn't speak English, Africans respect him.

But, when an African does not speak English, Africans consider him a joke, unintelligent, illiterate, dumb and stupid.

This is the level or extent of the harm we have suffered as a people. We use English as a parameter to measure the intelligence of our people, including children.

In African schools, children are led to believe that they are stupid just because they cannot speak a language foreign to their ancestral trajectory.

Dear Africans, put an end to this mental slavery. Teach your children your mother tongue and allow locals to feel free to speak their native language without any stigma.

By ~ Ayanna Nahmias (LinkedIn)

Pics: Lagos, Nigeria, and Johannesburg, South Africa

Should Africans only worship the “gods of their ancestors”?

If so, which ancestors? From what geographic region and from what time period? Why is it logical to think that beliefs must be determined by the previous opinions of dead humans who share our DNA?

Everyone already uses foreign things to a certain extent already. January celebrates Janus, June celebrates Juno, August celebrates the emperor Augustus, and July the former Roman emperor Julius Caesar.

If every human being only ever followed a religion based on what ancestors followed which ancestor should we pick?

600 years ago I may have had 2^(30+1)-2 ancestors, 2,147,483,646 ancestors. Which belief system of those 2 billion ancestors should I follow?

5,000 years ago, I had many more ancestors. Which of those 5 billion plus ancestors should I select to pick my religion from?

Should I assume rain comes from a deity when I know it is the water cycle? Should I assume the Sun comes from a deity when I know it comes from a star at the centre of our solar system?

Some people think every African should only worship same deities as their ancestors, without any indication of what decade and from what region we should pick any ancestor from complex family trees.

Are people free to pick a religion using whatever criteria they want? I think so. What do you think?

ISLAM:

Apart from Saudi Arabia, every OTHER current Muslim-majority country in the world is guilty of having adopted a foreign religion. These include Indonesia (having 13% of the world’s Muslims), Pakistan (11%), India (11%), and Bangladesh (9%).

Bahrain, Iran (formerly the Median empire and later the Persian empire), Iraq (formerly the Babylonian empire), Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Syria, Turkeys UAE, Yemen all adopted FOREIGN religions, which came out of Saudi Arabia. Indisputably, Islam partly built on the foundation of Judaism.

67% of Muslims in the world (1.1 billion Muslims) live in Asia (54 million in Central Asia, and 600 million in South Asia). Only 27% of the world’s Muslims (550 million out of 1.976 billion Muslims) live in Africa. Only 42% of Africans are Muslims. Six of the top 20 richest countries in the world (Singapore, Qatar, UAE, Brunei, Bahrain and Saudi Arabia) have significant Muslim populations.

CHRISTIANITY:

The population of Israel is 9.4 million. Christianity indisputably came from the Jews. Only 2% of Israelis (190,000 people) identify as Christians. The global population of Christians is 2.2 billion. 26% of Christians live in Europe (amounting to 558 million people), 24% of Christians live in Latin America and the Caribbean (amounting to 531 million people), 13% of Christians live in Asia (amounting to 287 million people), and 12% of Christians live in North America (amounting to 267 million Christians). Africa and the Middle East have 24% of the world’s Christians (equivalent to 529 million Christians). The history of Christianity in Libya, Egypt and Ethiopia is a old as any other region of the world stretching back 1,600-2,000 years since one of the Gospels is believed to have been written by an African, St Mark. Twelve of the top 20 richest countries (in terms of GDP per capita) have significant Christian populations. Nine of these twelve Christian-majority countries never held a colony in Africa. Who are they? Luxembourg, Ireland, Norway, Switzerland, Denmark, Iceland, Austria, Sweden and Australia. 74% of Luxembourg identify as Christians.

BUDDHISM:

Buddhism originated in Nepal, not China. The historical Buddha, Siddharta Gautama, was born in what is now Nepal but attained enlightenment in India. He renounced his royal life to become a wandering ascetic and achieved enlightenment in Bodh Gaya, India. His dhamma (teachings) spread from India to China. 12% of people Asia-Pacific are Buddhists. The population of Buddhists on other continents is less than 1%. There are 481 million Buddhists in Asia-Pacific, and 7 million in the rest of the world. Seven countries have Buddhist majorities: Cambodia (97% Buddhist), Thailand (93% Buddhist), Myanmar (80%), Bhutan, Sri Lanka (69%), Laos and Mongolia. 50% of the world’s Buddhists live in China (244 million), 13% live in Thailand (64 million Buddhists), 9% live in Japan (46 million), 8% live in Myanmar (38 million) and 3% in Sri Lanka (14 million). The top 5 countries with the largest populations of Buddhists represent 83% of the world’s Buddhist population. The countries with the top 10 most numbers of Buddhists don’t include Nepal and account for 95% of the world’s Buddhists. Only 2% of India (9 million people) identify as Buddhists. None of the top 20 richest countries are Buddhist majority countries.

There is no single indisputable argument that a human being must adopt the exact same beliefs as an ancestor.

The evidence seems to suggest that countries that don’t follow the beliefs of their ancestors tend to be richer. In Japan for instance where most “religious Japanese” people follow Shintoism or Buddhism, most Japanese people are NOT religious, which means that they mainly don’t follow the beliefs of their ancestors - Shintoism.

Large cross-cultural surveys frequently present Japan as a country of non-believers, where only 10-15% of the population self-identify as religious and the vast majority rank religion as being of little importance to their lives.

What do you think?

What Do You Know About Fulani People’s History?

Fulani people are spread out across a lot of West African countries. The Fulani people that most Nigerians come across are pastoralists but in Senegal some Fulani people run Tech companies and have transitioned into various industries.

They come with all sorts of physical features. One of my friends an entrepreneur is jet black with a thin nose, thin lips and a long face.

Some Fulani people have broad nose and are fair skinned.

Some Africans and Black Americans have a misinformed idea that Africans - including West Africans - only conform to one stereotype; thick lips, wide nose and curly hair. In reality lots of Africans have various features thin noses, wide noses, thick lips, thin lips, long nose, short nose, etc.

In our group, we focus on accurate history and accurately telling our stories not caricatures of Africa and Africans.

The Fulani people are one example of a “tribe” in Western parlance that don’t conform to one stereotype.

The Fulani tribe are the 4th largest of the tribes of Nigeria and are one of the largest ethnic groups and tribes in Africa, with over 40 million people. They live mainly in Western African nations such as Nigeria, Mali, Guinea, Cameroon, Senegal and Chad. They have their own language known as Fula. Their origins are unclear but there are many theories as to where they originated. The oral traditions of the Fulani states that they started from what is now present day Jordan. What we do know for sure is that by the 5th century, they were in West Africa. The earliest evidence we have from archaeological digs points to them starting around 6th century BC at the latest.

They are one of the few Africa tribes to adopt Islam, with 98% of the Fulani being Muslim. Prominent Fulani include the first President of Cameroon, Ahmadou Ahidjo, and Major General Mohammadu Buhari, the current President of Nigeria.

Sometimes the pastoral lifestyle clashes with the agrarian system, resulting in flashes of conflict.

Dna:

The Fulani mainly inherited their DNA from West Africa. In minor cases, some Fulani people have North African ancestors.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16900879/

Some of the prominent Fulanis are

Muhammadu Buhari former Nigeria president

Macky Sall Senegal President

Adama Barron Gambia President

Umaru Sisico Guinea Bissau President

Cisse Mali Prime Minister

Muhammad Jallow Sierra Leone V. President

Amina J Muhammed Deputy Secretary General of The United Nations 

Muhammadu Barkindo OPEC Chairman

And so on....

THE HISTORY AND MYSTERY OF BÍLÍKÍSÙ SUNGBÓ SHRINE IN IJEBU ODE, OGUN STATE, SOUTH WEST NIGERIA 🇳🇬

The burial place of the legendary and biblical Queen of Sheba, locally known among Yoruba people as Bilikisu Sungbo, has turned a place of worship and tourism in Nigeria. Millions of people visit annually from different parts of the world to share the mystery surrounding Bilikisu Sungbo grave-turned-shrine located in Oke-Eri, Ijebu-Ode, Ogun State, Nigeria.

The historical queen, Bilikisu Sungbo, was said to have traveled all the way from Ethiopia 🇪🇹 down to Ijebu-Ode where she dièd and was bùried. The natives of Ijebu-Ode hold strong and popular claims about the identity of the controversial Bilikisu Sungbo. They claimed that she was the Queen of Sheba mentioned in the bible to have visited the wise king Solomon at height of his powers. They also claimed that Bilikisu Sungbo was the Quranic Queen Baliqs of Ethopia  (from which the name Bilikisu was derived) who visited king Sulaiman. Another source has it that Bilikisu Sungbo was a wealthy woman and the leader of a group of women potters who traveled to far away places. Also, she was believed to possess supernatural powers with which she dug ditches around villages in Ijebu-Ode.

The tradition of the Ijebu people forbid women and dogs to visit the spot where Bilikisu Sungbo was büried. At the shrine, there is a small open ground with no grass growing on it. This place is said to be the place where the ancient queen was washed before being buried, and because of her supernatural powers, no plant or grass can ever grow on the spòt.

In 1995, Bilikisu Sungbo’s shrine was added to the cultural category of UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Bilikisu Sungbo ‘grave-shrine’ will forever remain a pride of Ijebu-Ode people.

The Akamba Tribe of Paraguay

Yes, there is a Kamba community that numbers 700 people in Paraguay. Though they have forgotten the Kamba language they still maintain most of their original Kamba traditions.

The Kamba community in Paraguay is divided into two groups: AKamba Cua and Akamba Kokua.

The community arrived in Paraguay after they impressed former exiled Spanish general Jose Artigas with their archery skills and convinced some of them to join him in Paraguay.

Abdul Nassir Wanguthi

RULES TO TEACH YOUR SON

(1). Never shake a man’s hand sitting down.

(2). Don’t enter a pool by the stairs.

(3). The man at the BBQ Grill is the closest thing to a king.

(4). In a negotiation, never make the first offer.

(5). Request the late check-out.

(6). When entrusted with a secret, keep it.

(7). Hold your heroes to a higher standard.

(8). Return a borrowed car with a full tank of gas.

(9). Play with passion or don’t play at all…

(10). When shaking hands, grip firmly and look them in the eye.

(11). Don’t let a wishbone grow where a backbone should be.

(12). If you need music on the beach, you’re missing the point.

(13). Carry two handkerchiefs. The one in your back pocket is for you. The one in your breast pocket is for her.

(14). You marry the girl, you marry her family.

(15). Be like a duck. Remain calm on the surface and paddle like crazy underneath.

(16). Experience the serenity of traveling alone.

(17). Never be afraid to ask out the best looking girl in the room.

(18). Never turn down a breath mint.

(19). A sport coat is worth 1000 words.

(20). Try writing your own eulogy. Never stop revising.

(21). Thank a veteran. Then make it up to him.

(22). Eat lunch with the new kid.

(23). After writing an angry email, read it carefully. Then delete it.

(24). Ask your mom to play. She won’t let you win.

(25). Manners maketh the man.

(26). Give credit. Take the blame.

(27). Stand up to Bullies. Protect those bullied.

(28). Write down your dreams.

(29). Take time to snuggle your pets, they love you so much and are always happy to see you. 

(30). Be confident and humble at the same time.

(31). If ever in doubt, remember whose son you are and REFUSE to just be ordinary!

(32). In all things lead by example not explanation.

(33). Dress how you want to be addressed

(34). BE BLESSED BY BEING A BLESSING

BLACK HISTORY

What really happened to Ota Benga (1885-1916) an African  who was displayed in a Zoo where over 40,000 people visited almost everyday?

Mbye Otabenga, later known as Ota Benga was born in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

In 1904 the Rev. Samuel P. Verner adventurer and former Presbyterinn missionary brought Benga and eight other Congolese purported to be "Pygmies" to be displayed at the St. Louts World's Fair.

Two years later the Bronx Zoo in New York exhibited Benga In Its "Monkey House" alongside an orangutan. He was shockingly described as a ‘missing link’ of evolution.

Over 40,000 people came to see him every day and he was often subject to mocking from the crowd. He later committed suicide.

Outraged African American ministers secured his release from the zoo and placed him in an orphanage in Brooklyn.

In 1910 Benga was brought to Lynchburg to attend the Virginia Theological Seminary and College. Despondent over his inability to return to Africa, he committed suicide in 1916.

#Africa #africa

Three Seasons in the Ancient Kemet Calendar

▪ Akhet:

Also called the Season of the Inundation. Heavy summer rain in the highlands of Ethiopia each year would cause the Nile to flood as it flowed through Egypt. Farmland could be covered by up to two metres of water.

▪ Peret:

Also called the Season of the Emergence. As the floodwaters went down, the land beside the Nile was left covered in thick dark mud which was very fertile. Farmers used this season to plant grain, barley and other fruits and vegetables.

▪ Shemu:

Also called the Season of the Harvest. Egyptians harvested the food they had planted, collected seeds to plant the following year and stored grain in large silos.

African History

Accidental Famous Person 🇬🇭

This is Jake, a Ghanaian kid whose photo became so popular that it raised thousands of dollars funds from internet users.

Back in 2015, Adufah, a young man studying the arts in University of Illinois USA, stepped back in his hometown Ghana. He decided to share his passion for arts in a primary school. The same school where Jake used to go. During these arts sessions, Adufah's friend, Carlos Cortes would take pictures of the kids drawing.

Back in the USA, Adufah posted the hundred of pictures he had taken during in Ghana on social media. But amidst these several captions, one caught a special attention of the public : the photo of Jake.

The extremely serious face of Jake and the way he focused on his drawing amused people and his photo became viral within hours. People started making memes with Jake's photo.

Seeing this unexpected fame of Jake, Adufah decided to raise funds. He asked people to turn their likes into cash in order to help education of the kids in Jake's school. His idea was approved by the public since he raised 2000 dollars within barely the first 24 hours. The final amount was about 20000 dollars. This money was intended to pay for Jake's education and to help other kids in his village.

Do Not Confuse RELIGION and SPIRITUALITY

▪ Religion is based on a book.

▪ Spirituality follows the laws of nature.

▪ Religion fills you with dreams of glory in heaven.

▪ Spirituality makes you experience glory and paradise here and now.

▪ Religion promises heaven or hell after death.

▪ Spirituality is about finding God within us during life and death.

▪ There is one spirituality but several religions.

▪ Religion has a dogmatic set of rules, manipulating weak minds.

▪ Spirituality invites you to reason about everything, to question everything in order to discover and understand.

▪ Religion threatens and frightens.

▪ Spirituality gives inner peace and reassurance.

▪ Religion speaks of sin and guilt.

▪ Spirituality says: “learn from error”.

▪ Religion is human.

▪ Spirituality is natural, without human rules.

▪ Religion is the cause of divisions.

▪ Spirituality unites.

▪ Religion makes you passive.

▪ Spirituality transforms you and makes you active.

▪ Religion kills to impose its dogmas.

▪ Spirituality leads to wisdom through knowledge.

▪ Religion says that "God" is in heaven.

▪ Spirituality teaches that "God" is within us.

▪ Religion says that "God" elected a people called the Jewish people.

▪ Spirituality knows that all people are equal.

▪ Religion says that the 1st humans are the Jews.

▪ Spirituality knows that the elders of humanity are black Africans.

I come in peace.

Unveiling Bamenda: A Tapestry of History, Language, and Civilizational Splendor

In the heart of the captivating Northwest Region of Cameroon lies the enchanting city of Bamenda, a vibrant hub that echoes with the rich history, diverse language, and flourishing civilization of the Bamenda people. Join us as we embark on a journey through the captivating tapestry that defines this unique community.

(1). Echoes of Origin: A Tapestry Woven with Ancestral Threads

The history of the Bamenda people unfolds like a captivating story, tracing its roots to ancient migrations and cultural amalgamations. From the fertile soils of the Grassfields to the thriving highlands, Bamenda has stood witness to the ebb and flow of time, preserving the echoes of its origin in every hill and valley.

(2). Language: Dances of Diversity in Linguistic Harmony

The linguistic diversity of the Bamenda people is a testament to the richness of their cultural tapestry. With a mosaic of languages spoken, including widely recognized ones like Bafut, Kom, and Pidgin English, Bamenda becomes a linguistic symphony where every dialect adds a unique melody to the harmonious chorus of communication.

(3). Civilization Unveiled: A Flourishing Hub of Culture and Progress

Bamenda stands as a beacon of civilization, where tradition and modernity coalesce seamlessly. From the bustling markets that reflect the economic prowess of the people to the modern infrastructural developments that shape the city skyline, Bamenda is a testament to the dynamic and progressive spirit of its inhabitants.

(4). Cultural Festivals:  Celebrations of Heritage

The cultural festivals of the Bamenda people are a spectacle of vibrant colors, rhythmic dances, and symbolic rituals. Whether it's the Nso Fon's Palace Festival or the Kom Ngie, each celebration becomes a kaleidoscope of tradition, uniting the community in joyous revelry.

(5). Traditional Architecture: Majestic Structures That Tell Stories

The architectural marvels of Bamenda, from traditional huts to intricately designed palaces, stand as silent storytellers of the people's history. The grandeur of the structures mirrors the resilience and cultural sophistication embedded in the very fabric of Bamenda.

(6). Natural Beauty: Landscapes Painted in Splendor

Nestled amidst breathtaking landscapes, Bamenda is a haven of natural beauty. From the undulating hills to the picturesque valleys, every corner of this city is a canvas painted in the hues of nature, inviting both residents and visitors to immerse themselves in its serene charm.

In conclusion, Bamenda is more than a city; it is a living testament to the resilience, diversity, and progressive spirit of the Bamenda people. As we unravel the threads of its history, language, and civilization, we find ourselves immersed in a captivating narrative that continues to unfold with every passing day.

Ps: Even the former president of the United States of America couldn't resist the traditional attire of Bamenda.

The Black Nubian Queens (“Kandakas”) of Kush

Kandake was the title for queens and queen mothers (and often means the first royal wife) of the ancient African Kingdom of Kush, which was an ancient Nubian state in what is now the Republic of Sudan.

The Kingdom was a prosperous land ruled from the capital, Meroe. They were known as Nubian warrior queens, queen regents, and ruling queen mothers. They controlled what are now Ethiopia, Sudan, and parts of Egypt.

Kandake means “great woman”, and was used as a royal title or dynastic name. It is sometimes translated into English as “Candace”.

Some of the queens ruled in their own right; others ruled with their husbands, but these queens were not merely consorts, they usually had equal power with the king. At least one kandake was the ruler while her husband was consort.

The kandakes farmed, traded with Greeks and built the Pyramids, and some were warrior queens who led their armies into battle.

The word “Candace” itself is not a personal name in this context. Rather, it is a title used by the female monarchs “of the ancient Kingdom of Kush in the Nile Valley.”

Alternatively, it is transcribed as “Kandake” or “Kentake.” “Candace” itself is a Meroitic “term for ‘queen’ or ‘queen-mother.’”

It is most likely that the “Candace” in question, then, was a woman called Amanitore, whose reign began around the year 1 BCE and ended in an unknown year. She is buried in a pyramid at Meroë.

THE MOORS By: Dr. Leroy Vaughn, MD, MBA. A Dynamic, Honest and Powerful View of Black History

During the European Dark Ages, between the 7th and 14th century AD, the Moorish Empire in Spain became one of the world's finest civilizations.  General Tarik and his Black Moorish army from Morocco, conquered Spain after a week long battle with King Roderick in 711 AD.  (The word tariff and the Rock of Gibraltar were named after him). They found that Europe, with the assistance of the Catholic Church, had returned almost to complete barbarism. The population was 90% illiterate and had lost all of the civilizing principles that were passed on by the ancient Greeks and Romans.

The Moors reintroduced mathematics, medicine, agriculture, and the physical sciences. The clumsy Roman numerals were replaced by Arabic figures including the zero and the decimal point. As Dr. Van Sertima says, "You can't do higher mathematics with Roman numerals." The Moors introduced agriculture to Europe including cotton, rice, sugar cane, dates, ginger, lemons, and strawberries. They also taught them how to store grain for up to 100 years and built underground grain silos. They established a world famous silk industry in Spain. The Moorish achievement in hydraulic engineering was outstanding. They constructed an aqueduct, that conveyed water from the mountains to the city through lead pipes from the mountains to the city.  They taught them how to mine for minerals on a large scale, including copper, gold, silver, tin, lead, and aluminum. Spain soon became the world center for high quality sword blades and shields.  Spain was eventually manufacturing up to 12,000 blades and shields per year.  Spanish craft and woolen became world famous. The Moorish craftsman also produced world class glass, pottery, vases, mosaics, and jewelry.

The Moors introduced to Europe paved, lighted streets with raised sidewalks for pedestrians, flanked by uninterrupted rows of buildings. Paved and lighted streets did not appear in London or Paris for hundreds of years. They constructed thousands of public markets and mills in each city. Cordova alone had 5,000 of each. They also introduced to Spain underwear and bathing with soap. Their public baths numbered in the thousands when bathing in the rest of Europe was frowned upon as a diabolical custom to be avoided by all good Christians. Poor hygiene contributed to the plagues in the rest of Europe.  Moorish monarchs dwelled in sumptuous palaces while the crowned heads of England, France, and Germany lived in barns, lacking windows, toilets, and chimneys, with only a hole in the roof as the exit for smoke. Human waste material was thrown in the streets since no bathrooms were present.

Education was made mandatory by the Moors, while 90% of Europe was illiterate, including the kings and queens. The Moors introduced public libraries to Europe with 600,000 books housed in Cordova alone.  They established 17 outstanding universities in Spain. Since Africa is a matriarchal society, women were also encouraged to devote themselves to serious study, and it was only in Spain that one could find female doctors, lawyers, and scientists.

Moorish schoolteachers knew that the world was round and taught geography from a globe. They produced expert maps with all sea and land routes accurately located with respect to latitude and longitude; while also introducing compasses to Europe. They were such expert shipbuilders that they were able to use their geography expertise to import and export as far away as India and China. It was not by accident that a Moor named Pietro Olonzo Nino was the chief navigator for Christopher Columbus on the flagship Santa Maria. He is said to have argued with Columbus as to who really discovered America.  One of the worst mistakes the Moors made was to introduce gunpowder technology from China into Europe, because their enemies adopted this weapon and used it to drive them out of Spain.

Europe then took the 700 years of civilization and education re-taught to them by the Moors and used this knowledge to attack Africa.

While the Moors were re-civilizing Europe, great empires were thriving in Western Africa and frequently traded with the Moors. These included the empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhay, which prospered between 700 AD and 1600 AD. Africa was not a dark continent awaiting European civilization. In fact, Black African Egyptians and Black African Moors are credited with civilizing Europe."

Sourcebook: Black People & Their Place In World History  By: Dr. Leroy Vaughn, MD, MBA. A Dynamic, Honest and Powerful View of Black History. #africa #europe

Unveiling the Enchantment: Discovering the Splendor of the Bamileke People

In the picturesque highlands of Western Cameroon, a tapestry of culture, history, and elegance unfolds—the Bamileke people, a beacon of resilience and sophistication.

Embark on a captivating journey as we delve into the breathtaking essence of this remarkable tribe, where every facet tells a story of rich heritage and captivating traditions.

(1). Origin and Legacy: A Dance with Ancestral Echoes:

   - Rooted in the ancient Tikar Kingdom, the Bamileke people have evolved into a cultural force, carrying the legacy of their ancestors. Their journey is a mesmerizing tale of migration, cultural fusion, and an enduring dance with their storied heritage.

(2). Artistry Woven in Cloth: The Toghu Tapestry:

  - Witness the mastery of Bamileke craftsmanship through the intricate artistry of the 'Toghu' cloth. Adorned with symbolic motifs, this textile masterpiece serves as a canvas where history, spirituality, and aesthetics seamlessly converge.

(3). Ceremonial Symphony: Rhythms of Celebration:

  - Immerse yourself in the soul-stirring ceremonies of the Bamileke. From the lively 'Ngouon' dance, celebrating harvest and fertility, to the solemn 'Kwifoyn' rite marking adulthood, each ceremony is a vibrant celebration of tradition and community spirit.

(4). Palatial Heights: Chefferies in the Clouds:

  - Behold the architectural wonders of the Bamileke, with elevated palaces known as 'Chefferies' gracing the landscape. Perched on stilts, these structures mirror the heights of Bamileke social hierarchy and offer panoramic views of the surrounding hills.

(5). Mystical Masquerades: Dance of Spirits:

 - Explore the mystical realm of Bamileke masquerades, where sacred masks come alive in vibrant performances. Each mask carries profound symbolism, bridging the earthly and spiritual realms, embodying the ancestral spirits that guide and protect the community.

(6). Entrepreneurial Prowess: Trade Routes and Economic Brilliance:

  - The Bamileke people showcase an entrepreneurial spirit along strategic trade routes. Bustling markets echo their prowess in trade, becoming vibrant hubs of cultural exchange and economic activity.

(7). Social Harmony: Leadership and Unity:

 - Delve into the intricacies of Bamileke social organization, where chieftaincies and the revered 'Fon' (traditional ruler) play pivotal roles. The societal structure reflects wisdom and leadership crucial for maintaining community cohesion.

(8). Melodies of Identity: Harmony in Diversity:

 - Experience the heartbeat of Bamileke culture through its rich musical heritage. From rhythmic drumming to melodic tunes, their music mirrors a harmony rooted in diversity, echoing the essence of their cultural identity.

In conclusion, the Bamileke people invite us to witness a world where every tradition, every design, and every celebration is a stroke on the canvas of their profound cultural heritage.

As we explore the elegance of the Bamileke, we are captivated by a community gracefully balancing tradition and modernity, creating a breathtaking tableau that resonates with the senses and lingers in the heart.

Thomas Sankara: “the African Che Guevara” who challenged France 🇫🇷

Thomas Sankara began his political activity in leftist circles secretly in 1974 (Getty)Thomas Sankara, an African military commander and political leader from Burkina Faso, ruled his country for 4 years, during which he made economic and social changes and gained it an international presence in supporting liberation issues.  He was assassinated in 1987 in a military coup that overthrew his rule, and his personality turned into an icon for generations of Africans, and he became known as “the African Che Guevara.”

Origin and formation:

Thomas Isidore Noel Sankara was born on December 21, 1949 in the town of Yako in Burkina Faso, then called “Upper Volta,” into a Catholic family from the lower strata of society.

His father was from the Falan nationality and he fought in World War I, while his mother was from the Musa nationality, and he was third in line among 11 brothers and sisters.

Study and scientific training:

After completing primary and middle school in Ouagadougou, he joined the military preparatory high school in the city, contrary to his family’s ambitions, which were nominating him to receive religious training to become a priest. He excelled at this stage with his academic excellence and high athletic skills.

In his twenties, he traveled on study missions as part of his military training to both Madagascar and Cameroon, and in Madagascar he witnessed the events of a revolution of workers and students that overthrew the government.

In the early seventies, he joined the Paratroopers Training Center in France, and took advantage of his presence there to initiate contacts with African organizations and African students with Marxist revolutionary tendencies.

Military and political experience:

Starting in 1974, Sankara began to be secretly active in leftist opposition circles, including unions, in parallel with his gradual promotion in the ranks of the army and assuming military responsibilities. His name emerged in a short military confrontation with neighboring Mali after a border dispute between the two countries, and he began to acquire the image of a national hero.  Then, in 1976, he assumed leadership of the National Center for Commando Training.

Between January and May 1978, he resided in Morocco as part of a military formation at the Paratroopers Training Center, where he was alongside his comrade Blaise Compaore (who would later turn against him). They founded, along with other officers, the “Communist Officers Group.”

The political and economic conditions in this poor country were deteriorating with the establishment of a one-party system in the country since November 1975, and the spread of corruption, political unrest, and coups.

In February 1981, he was promoted to the rank of captain and appointed commander of the Operations Division in the General Staff. In the same year, he entered the government as a state secretary in charge of communications, but he soon resigned as anger escalated over the repressive nature of President Sayi Zerbo’s regime, and he was thrown into prison with some of his companions.

On November 7, 1982, the country witnessed a new coup that overthrew Colonel Zerbo, followed by Jean-Baptiste and Drago, and Sankara was appointed Prime Minister in January 1983.